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Experiment: Separation Methods of Mixtures Humber College Academic upgrading Program Pre-Ace Science-Chemistry ACEC S05 Professor: Shane Ferth Carla Green N01037624 Suman N01457314 Giuseppe Albanese N01053112 March, 22th 2020

Introduction Separation is an important part of chemistry that can be transferred to other professions. Most of the substances that are used in the world are mixtures of some kind. The ability to separate them can prove to be vital. There are many reasons for being able to separate a mixture, from checking the quality of a product to actually making one. Being able to preform a separation properly may prove to be a valuable skill for anyone that must do it for any reason in their lives. For one, separation can be used to make sure a product has what it claims to have and nothing else. For example, mistakes in food production can cause many problems such as: the addition of something toxic, or the absence of something important. These problems can cause complications for consumers and anyone in charge of preventing them. Separation techniques can help ensure that these problems are avoided. Besides food, other goods that are not edible may include separation in their manufacturing, and problems here could cause a faulty product. Out side of quality assurance, students will likely have to separate mixtures through out their academic career. Students looking to continue in the sciences will have to separate mixtures to preform studies on them. Proper separation techniques will allow students to conduct accurate tests on the substances they might need to study. While improper techniques can lead to errors in lab tests. There are many ways to separate mixtures. The way to do so depends upon what is being separated. In this lab students learned a few ways to preform separation using: a separatory funnel, chromatography paper, and a filter paper. 1. Materials 1.1 Separatory Funnel 1. Separating funnel

2. Ring clamp and stand 3. Benzene and Water mixture 4. Funnel 5. 2 Erlenmeyer flasks 1.2 Paper Chromatography 1. Cork with a hook through it. 2. Scissors 3. Erlenmeyer flask 4. Large test tube 5. Spinach 6. Coin 7. Solvent (chromatography liquid) 1.3 Filtration 1. Beaker 2. Stirring rod 3. Ring clamp and stand 4. Ring support 5. Clay triangle 6. Filter paper 7. distilled water and bottle 8. Mixture to be separated 9. Funnel

10. Watch glass

2. Methods 2.1 Separatory Funnel 1. The ring stand and ring clamp were sent up. 2. The separatory funnel was placed in the ring clamp. 3. The valve on the separatory funnel was closed. 4. A regular funnel was placed in the top of the separatory funnel. 5. The benzene and water mixture were then poured into the funnel until all the liquid had flown into the separatory funnel. 6. The Regular funnel was removed 7. The separatory funnel was closed with a stopper. 8. The mixture was then allowed to sit in the separatory funnel for 30.0 min until they had formed two separate layers. 9. It was observed that the mixture had separated fully. 10. The stopper was removed from the top of the separatory funnel. 11. An Erlenmeyer flask was placed below the separatory funnel. 12. This flask was considered “flask A” 13. The valve on the separatory funnel was opened. 14. The liquid was allowed to flow into the Erlenmeyer flask until the first liquid (the liquid that was sitting at the bottom of the separatory funnel) had emptied completely into the Erlenmeyer flask.

15. The valve was then closed. 16. Flask A was removed. 17. A new flask was then placed underneath the separatory funnel. 18. This flask was considered “flask B” 19. The valve on the separatory funnel was then opened again. 20. The remaining liquid was allowed to flow completely into the Erlenmeyer flask. 21. The valve on the separatory funnel was then closed. 2.2 Paper Chromatography 1. A piece of chromatography paper was cut length wise and width wise to fit inside the large test tube. 2. One end of this cut piece of chromatography paper was then cut into a point. 3. This strip of chromatography paper placed in the test tube, with the point at the bottom and the flat side through the hook on the cork, to make sure its’ size fit. 4. The chromatography paper was removed. 5. A spinach leaf was ripped to a smaller size. 6. This piece of spinach leaf was rolled into its’ self and placed near the tip if the chromatography paper (the tip being the pointed side.) 7. A coin was repeatably pushed onto the leaf, crushing it onto the chromatography paper. 8. This was done until a good amount of pigment had soaked into the chromatography paper. 9. The spinach was removed. 10. The chromatography paper, now with pigments from the leaf, was allowed to dry completely.

11. A small amount of solvent was poured into the test tube. 12. The test tube was then placed inside the Erlenmeyer flask 13. The strip of chromatography paper was placed in the test tube with the pointed end (containing the pigments from the spinach) at the bottom, with just the tip touching the solvent, and the opposite side through the hook on the cork. 14. The solvent was allowed to flow up the chromatography paper. 15. The pigments separating on the chromatography paper was observed. 16. The strip of chromatography paper was removed and the pigments on it were observed. 2.3 Filtration 1. A mixture of solid and liquid was stirred with a stirring rod. 2. The stirring rod was placed across the top of the beaker, with one side sitting in the beakers lip. 3. The liquid was poured out into another beaker until most of the liquid had been poured out. 4. It was observed that there was still liquid in the original beaker as well as solids. 5. A ring clamp was placed on the ring stand. 6. A Ring support was placed in the ring clamp. 7. A clay triangle was placed over the ring potion of the ring support. 8. A funnel was placed into the clay triangle /ring support. 9. A beaker was placed underneath the funnel. 10. The ring support and its’ clamp was lowered down the ring stand until the bottom of the funnel touched the inside of the beaker below it. 11. A filter paper was folded twice. Once in half, and then I half again.

12. Three folds of the filter paper were pulled back making a cone shape. 13. The filter paper (still in the cone shape) was placed in the opening of the funnel. 14. Distilled water from a bottle was gently squirted into the filter paper, allowing the paper to hold its’ shape against the opening of the funnel. 15. The solid and liquid mixture was poured into the filter paper (which is still inside the funnel). 16. It was observed that some solid remained in the beaker. 17. A rubber policeman was sued to push the solid still in the beaker into the filter paper. 18. It was observed that some solids were still in the beaker. 19. Distilled water was squirted into the beaker to wash out the remaining solid, allowing the water/solids to drain into the filter paper. 20. The liquid was allowed the flow through the filter paper and down the funnel into the beaker underneath. 21. The filter paper was removed from the funnel. 22. The filter paper was unfolded by pulling away at one the folds. 23. The now flat filter paper containing the solids was placed on top of a watch glass. 3. Conclusion 3.1 Liquid from liquid: The process of separating liquid from liquid was done by using a separating funnel in a flask and ensuring that is closed. In this experiment they used water and benzene for the process. The end result was that water settles at the bottom and benzene floats on top. The reason for this is water is denser than benzene. 3.2 Paper Chromatography: In the lab experiment paper chromatography was done by the paper filtration method. A spinach leaf juice was added to filter paper in a test tube. When the

solvent moves up the paper it picks up the pigment, and the color that was observed is green and yellow. In this case the yellow pigment was the heaviest of all. The pigments that were produced are carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B. 3.3 Solid from Liquid: The separating of solid from liquid was achieved by the use of a filter paper. In the lab video the substances were successfully separated first with decantation and than passed the material from filter paper....