Lab Report Identification of Igneous Rock PDF

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA KAMPUS PULAU PINANGFaculty of Civil Engineering Laboratory ManualAFFECTIVE ASSESSMENTNAME OF PRACTICAL: OPEN ENDED LAB LEVEL 2 (IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS) DATE OF ASSESSMENT: 20/11/2020 GROUP: CEG451 (PEC2211A2)LECTURER: NUR MASYITAH BINTI OSMAN TS. DR. BASHARUDIN ABD HADI...

Description

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

AFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT

NAME OF PRACTICAL:

OPEN ENDED LAB LEVEL 2 (IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS)

DATE OF ASSESSMENT:

20/11/2020

LECTURER:

GROUP: CEG451 (PEC2211A2)

NUR MASYITAH BINTI OSMAN TS. DR. BASHARUDIN ABD HADI

CO3: Conduct laboratory tests and produce laboratory reports. PO10: Ability to impart effectively complex engineering activities through presentations, written and verbal communications to the engineering community and society at large.

No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

STUDENT ID 2020496182 2020846752 2020618012 2020459452

5.

2020837116

GROUP MEMBER’S NAME ARIF FIKRI BIN AZANAN IRFAN HANIF BIN MOHD SAUFI MUHAMMAD NASRUL NAJMI BIN ABDUL RASHID NURUL IZZATI BINTI ZAINUDDIN NUR AFIQAH BINTI MAHADHIR

(LEADER)

AFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC PERFORMANCE SCALE NO.

1

CRITERIA

Structure (A1)

2

Content (A2)

3

Analysis and Interpretation of Data (A3)

4

5

6

Discussion (A3)

Conclusion (A4)

References /Appended Materials (A3)

Prepared by:

Developing

Functional

Proficient

1 Written work organizational structure and paragraphing have serious and persistent errors.

2 Written work has weak beginning, development, and conclusion. Paragraphing and transitions are also deficient.

3 Written work has adequate beginning, development, and conclusion. Paragraphing and transitions are also adequate.

Written work does not cover the assigned topic, and assertions are not supported by evidence. Data collected was not relevant and not sufficient to analyze and interpret No discussion on the meaning of experimental results and very difficult to follow the discussion

Written work does not do an adequate job of covering the assigned topic, and assertions are weakly supported by evidence. Data collected was relevant but not sufficient to analyze and interpret

Written work has sufficiently covered the topic, and assertions are supported by evidence. Data collected was relevant and sufficient to analyze and interpret

Discussion on the results was very difficult to follow, no discussion on the meaning of results and information was so inaccurate that makes the report unreliable Conclusion was derived from the collected and analyzed data, but it is not answering the objectives

Little discussion on what result mean and implications of results. Enough errors are made to be distracting, but some information was accurate Conclusion was good and derived from the collected and analyzed data and not from other sources but did not directly answering the objective

Able to acknowledge some relevant references and several appended materials

Able to list and acknowledge adequate relevant references and some appended materials

No attempt was made to conclude, and objective of the lab were not answered

Not able to acknowledge references and no appended materials

Checked by:

Advanced 4 Written work has clear and appropriate beginning, development, and conclusion. Paragraphing and transitions are also clear and appropriate. Written work provides in-depth coverage of the topic, and assertions are clearly supported by evidence. Data collected was relevant, related to the objectives and sufficient to analyze and interpret Description of result was generally clear. Some discussion on what results mean and implications of results. No significant errors are made Conclusion was good and derived from the collected and analyzed data and not from other sources and directly answer the objective Able organize and adapt very good references with plenty appended materials

5 Written work has welldefined beginning, development, and conclusion. Paragraphing and transitions are also clear and distinct. Written work provides comprehensive coverage of the topic, and assertions are supported by easily understood evidence. Data collected was relevant, related to the objectives, sufficient to analyze and accurate interpretation of data Result and discussion are clearly stated, through discussion on what results mean and implications of result. Provide consistently accurate information Conclusion was excellent and derived from the collected and analyzed data and not from other sources. Conclusion clearly answer the objective Able to organize and adapt substantial relevant and recent references as well as the appended materials TOTAL MARKS

Marks

CEG 451 –ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Table Contents

No

1

Content

Page

Preamble 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Introduction Objectives Lesson Learning Outcomes Theoretical Background

2

Problem Statement

3

Ways and Means 3.1 Equipment and Materials 3.2 Procedure 3.3 Data Acquisition

1 1 1 1-3

4

4 4 4

4

Result

4-5

5

Analysis

6

6

References

7

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

LABORATORY TOPIC LEVEL CATEGORY DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED (%) PERIOD OF ACTIVITY

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Rocks and Minerals – Identification of Hand Specimens Identification of Igneous Rocks 2 Partially Open Ended 66

Topic No

2

1

PREAMBLE 1.1

Introduction Level 2 laboratory activity refers to the condition where only the problem is guided and given. Students are required to find the ways & means and provide the answers to the given assignment using group creativity and innovativeness. The activity will enable the students to appreciate independent learning and prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended laboratory activities. In this laboratory activity, students will be exposed to the technique on identifying the physical characteristics of igneous rocks

1.2

Objectives To recognize, identify and observe features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.

1.3

Lesson Learning Outcomes At the end of this laboratory session, student should be able to: i. Recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia ii. Evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application iii. Understand forming of igneous rock on earth.

1.4

Theoretical Background Rocks that are formed by crystallization of a melt are igneous rock and they may be formed at depth (intrusive or plutonic) or on the surface (extrusive or volcanic). In general, igneous rocks that cool rapidly (i.e. volcanic rock) are very fine-grained whereas rocks that cool slowly (i.e. plutonic rocks) are coarse-grained. i.

Criteria to Distinguish Igneous Rock

In describing any rock, one should precede from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behavior on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class. Table 2.1 : Characteristics of Igneous Rocks Rock Type

Igneous

ii.

Characteristic Interlocking grains, massive structures Texture such as glassy, prophyritic, phaneritic, aphantic High feldspar or ferromagnesian content Absent of stratification or fossils

Texture of Igneous Rocks

Texture Phaneritic

Aphanitic

Porphyritic

Glassy

Vesicular

Fragmental

Table 2.2 : Texture of Igneous Rocks Definition Cooling History Comprised of large crystals Slow cooling of magma that are clearly visible to the deep underground and the hand or without a hand lens mineral grains are visible Consists of small crystals Rapid cooling in volcanic that cannot be seen by the environments having few eye with or without a hand phenocrysts (larger grains) lens. Two stages of cooling, Composed of at least two one at depth where larger minerals having a phenocrysts formed and a conspicuous (large) second at or near the difference in grain size. The surface where the matrix larger the grains are termed grains crystallized. phenocrysts and the finer grains are either matrix or groundmass. Results from cooling that Non-crystalline where the are so fast that the rock contains no mineral minerals do not have a grains. chance to crystallize. Very fast cooling with Refers to vesicles (holes, rapid gas escape forming pores or cavities) within the igneous rock. Vesicles result bubbles in the noncrystalline rocks. of gas expansion (bubbles) often occurs during volcanic eruption. Comprised numerous grains Pyroclastic rocks that are or fragments that have been blown out into the welded together by the heat atmosphere during violent of volcanic eruption. eruptions.

Example Granite, diorite Basalt, rhyolite

Andesite

Obsidian

Pumice, scoria

Tuff

Acid > 65%

COLOUR5%dark minerals Light 100

ovite

Intermediate

Basic

Ultrabasic

55% - 65%

45% - 55%

< 45%

Dark minerals precominant

ntially all dark Dark minerals

25 – 50% dark minerals

Biotite

Magnetite & Ilmenite

Plagioclase

25 Hornblende

Augite

uartz 0

oarse, ic

Very coarse Granite

Pegmatite ite

Syenite pegmatiterite

Diorite pegmatite Gabbro pegmatitenitePeridotite,

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

50

Olivine

Orthoclase

Table 2.3: Classification of Igneous Rocks

75

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

(SiO2 content)

%MINERAL COMPOSITION

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

TEXTURE

PROBLEM STATEMENT Identification of rocks is essential for mineral and earth resources utilization as well as civil engineering works. The ability to characterize available rocks on site will result in identifying the characteristics, behaviour and expected strength. Thus, gives essential guide to further engineering works. In a group you are given a set of rocks to identify the physical features and textures of igneous rocks. The group must carry out the test according to the procedures outlined and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1

Equipment and Materials i. ii.

3.2

Procedure i. ii. iii.

3.3

Labelled specimens of igneous rocks Magnifying hand lens

Select the given labelled specimen of igneous rocks Observe the samples to determine the physical characteristics of igneous roks Tabulate the results from the observation complete with the pictures of the rock samples

Data Acquisition Observation should be made on the following items: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Rock name Texture Colour Grain size Mineral composition

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

vi.

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Origin

Cut here (to be attached with your report)

Colour

Grain Size

CompositionMineral

Origin

Appendix 2: Identification of Igneous Rocks

Volcanic

Volcanic bombs commonly possess a basaltic

FineGrained

Dark Shades of Red

Volcanic

Predominan tly Glass

Volcanic

Volcanic

Groundmas Pumice s generally clasts in a of pyroxene fine-grained glassy matrix

Medium Size Fragments

Fine -Grained

Dark Brown

Dark Grey

Volcanic

Predominan tly glass

Cobblesized Rock Fragments

Medium Size Fragments

Pinkishwhite

Dark Brown

Rock Name

Texture

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Pyroclastic

Pyroclastic

Aphanitic

Volcanic Bomb

Tuff

Basalt

MUHAMMAD NASRUL NAJMI BIN ABDUL RASHID (2020618012)

Aphanitic

Vesicular

Ignimbrite

Scoria

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Rock Name

Texture

Colour

Grain SizeCompositionMineral

Origin

NUR AFIQAH BINTI MAHADHIR (2020837116)

Volcanic

Volcanic

Volcanic

mainly Quartz,of SiO2 hornblende, Silica-rich orthoclase, plagioclase, muscovite, biotite

33.6 % albite, 30.4 Plagioclase, Quartz, % quartz, biotite, orthoclase, 21.0 % pyroxene plagioclase perthite, 14.0 % muscovite, Fine Approximat grained ely 10cm to 1/16 mm to glassy 3cm matrix, coarse grained phenocrysts

quartz, plagioclase, Olivine, Plagioclase, and pyroxene, hornblende, sanidine plagioclase biotite

Light, Light 20% quartz by volume, and between 65% to 90% of the feldspar is plagioclase

Biotite, quartz, sanidine or other alkali feldspar, hornblende, and pyroxene

Approximately 40% to 70% of labradorite, pyroxene, hornblende, olivine, magnetite and quartz

Grain Size

Generally 0.1 – 1mm, sometimes 2 – 3mm

Fine grained

0.1 – 4mm

2 - 64mm

0.6mm

Colour

Generally dark greenishgrey

Variable but often light coloured

Variable but typically lightcoloured

Typically lightcoloured

Dark grey to black

Medium to coarse, phaneritic

Aphanitic, even or porphyritic

Medium to coarse, phaneritic

Aphanitic

Granodiorite

Ignimbrite

Rock Name

Intrusive

Texture

ARIZ FIKRI BIN AZANAN (2020496182)

Fine to medium, even, phaneritic

Tr Dunite

achyte

NURUL IZZATI BINTI ZAINUDDIN (2020459452)

Diabase

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

DISCUSSION i.

Explain the formation of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.



Intrusive Igneous Rocks Intrusive igneous rocks are rocking that form within the Earth’s solid lithosphere. Intrusive igneous rocks can be brought to the surface of the Earth by denudation and by a variety of tectonic processes. Intrusive or plutonic rocks crystallize from magma beneath the earth’s surface. Intrusive or plutonic igneous rock are form underground. They involved the “intrusion” or insertion of magma between other rocks, which then cools below the surface. Intrusive or plutonic igneous rock forms when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. Great globs of molten rock rise toward the surface. Some of the magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth's surface, but most remains trapped below, where it cools very slowly over many thousands or millions of years until it solidifies. Slow cooling means the individual mineral grains have a very long time to grow, so they grow to a relatively large size. Intrusive rocks have a coarse-grained texture.



Extrusive Igneous Rocks If the crystallization process occurs at the Earth’s surface, the rocks created are called extrusive igneous rock. Extrusive or volcanic rocks crystallize from lava at the earth’s surface. Volcanic rocks are named after volcanoes, which erupt the lava and volcanoes are named after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Volcanic rocks are formed above ground. They involve the “extrusion” or eruption of magma, which then is called “lava”. The lava cools upon or very close to the surface. Volcanic rocks can also form from “ash” which is simply broken up rock blown into the air or called pyroclastic material. Extrusive or volcanic igneous rock is produced when magma exits and cools above (or very near) the Earth's surface. These are the rocks that form at erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures. The magma, called lava when molten rock erupts on the surface, cools and solidifies almost instantly when it is exposed to the relatively cool temperature of the atmosphere. Quick cooling means that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow, so these rocks have a very fine-grained or even glassy texture. Hot gas bubbles are often trapped in the quenched lava, forming a bubbly, vesicular texture.

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

ii.

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Group your sample into intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.

Intrusive

Extrusive

Volcanic Pumice

Dunite Granodiorite

Trachyte

Porphyritic andesite

Diabase

Porphyritic basalt

Obsidian

Porphyritic rhyolite

Pegmatite

Rhyolite

Vesicular basalt

Syenite

Scoria

Granite

Ignimbrite

Diorite

Basalt Andesite

iii.

Gabbro

Tuf

Rhyolite porphyry

Volcanic bomb

Describe the relationship between the cooling rate and grain size of igneous rocks. Identify the cooling rate of your samples. As the rate of cooling increases, grain size decreases. This means that something which cools slowly will have larger grain formations that can see in igneous rocks, which may cool at variable rates. Rock Name

Cooling Rate

Volcanic bomb

Fast

Tuf

Fast

Basalt

Slow

Ignimbrite

Slow

Scoria

Fast

Granite

Slow

Diorite

Slow

Gabbro

Slow

Andesite

Fast

Obsidian

Fast

B.Eng (Hons)(Civil)(Infrastructure) Faculty of Civil Engineering

Engineering Geology (CEG451) Laboratory Manual

Pegmatite

Slow
...