Lab report of Clap switch PDF

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Project report Electronic devices and circuits

Clap Switch

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS & CONTROL ENGINEERING

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 13th May 2019

Table of Contents Introduction Methdology Conclusion Refrences

Introduction A clap switch is a fun project for beginners. It switches on and off electrical appliances with a sound of clapping hands. We will discuss about making a simple clap switch that operates when it detects clapping sound. It uses an electret microphone as a transducer for converting a clapping sound into an electrical signal. The microphone output is amplified by a transistor and is then sent to the microcontroller which performs an ON/OFF switching action when valid claps are detected.

Figure: Basic Circuit

Working When you clap or any sound of approximately same pitch of Clap sound. this sound signal is converted into the electrical signal by the condenser microphone. These sound vibrations are given to the inverting input of IC 741 and Its amplifies the sound collected by the Microphone. Resistor R1, R2 and VR2 variable resistor adjust the sensitivity of the amplifier. Resistor R3 set the sensitivity of Microphone. The amplified output pulses from IC1 (IC 741) passes to the input of IC2 (CD 4017). CD4017 receives a clock signal through the clock input and it turns ON all the 10 outputs one by one, every time it gets the clock input pulse.

When you clap once, the relay is activated and the Fan (or any load) is turned ON. When you clap for the second time, the relay is deactivated and the Fan is turned OFF.

The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Nowadays, we can hardly avoid the brightly colored “electronic” numbers that glow at us from cash registers and gasoline pumps, microwave ovens and alarm clocks, and we cannot seem to do without the invisible infrared beams that control elevator doors and operate television sets via remote control. In nearly all cases this light is emitted from a p-n junction operating as a light-emitting diode (LED). How can a p-n junction generate light? Consider first a simple semiconductor. When an electron from the bottom of the conduction band falls into a hole at the top of the valence band, an energy Eg equal to the gap width is released. In silicon, germanium, and many other semiconductors, this energy is largely transformed into thermal energy of the vibrating lattice, and as a result, no light is emitted. In some semiconductors, however, including gallium arsenide, the energy can be emitted as a photon of energy of wavelength λ = c/f = ch/ Eg

(41-11)

Diode rectifier This device is a semiconductor-based device that coverts the AC signals to pulsating DC. It is a network of four diodes in bridge configuration which is used for full wave rectification. In this type of rectification, the inverted AC signal is rectified and hence all parts of the AC signals are utilized. The other type of rectification is the half wave rectification in which the negative half cycles are clipped off resulting in a positive wave with large intervals of zero voltage in between. The diode rectification is required in the DC supply to convert the AC from the transformer to the pulsating DC which will be supplied to the filter circuit for obtaining a constant DC.

Fig 4: Rectifier Working

Relay A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and turn off a circuit by a low power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits. The application of relays

started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of computer they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.

Operational amplifier An operational amplifier is a very high gain amplifier having very high input impedance (typically a few meg ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100) The basic circuit is made using a difference amplifier having two inputs (plus and minus) and at least one output. Figure 1 0.29 shows a basic op-amp unit. As discussed earlier, the plus input produces an output that is in phase with the signal applied, whereas an input to the minus input results in an opposite-polarity output. The ac equivalent circuit of the op-amp is shown in Fig. 10.30 a. As shown, the input signal applied between input terminals sees an input impedance R i that is typically very high. The output voltage is shown to be the amplifier gain times the input signal taken through an output impedance R o , which is typically very low. An ideal op-amp circuit, would have infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and infinite voltage gain.

Figure Op-amp

Equivalent circuits The Transistor A transistor is a three-terminal semiconducting device that can be used to amplify input signals. the flow of electrons from terminal S (the source) leftward through the shaded region to terminal D (the drain) can be controlled by an electric field (hence field effect) set up within the device by a suitable electric potential applied to terminal G (the gate). Transistors are available in many types; we shall discuss only a particular FET called a MOSFET, or metaloxide-semiconductor-field-effect transistor. The MOSFET has been described as the workhorse of the modern electronics industry.

Procedure • • • •

At first we designed a circuit on with the help of simulating software such as proteus. Printed that circuit on glossy paper after creating its pdf. Pasted that circuit on PCB board and etched the board. We performed drilling and removed the ink with petrol.

Put components in the board and sold them.

Precautions •

Be sure that the connections should be enough for conduction.

•

Two different points must not be short during soldering.

Figure: Final View

Conclusion The circuit consisted of simple connections joined by soldering. The components were connected on PCB board.

Advantages • •

It can be used to turn ON and OFF the LED or LAMP simply, by clapping your hands. We can also remove LEDs and place a FAN or any other electric component on the output in order to get the desired result.

Disadvantages The Condenser Mic used in this circuit has the short range as a default, which cannot be varied.

Applications Clap Switch is not restricted to turn the LEDs ON and OFF, but it can be used in any electric appliances such as Tube Light, Fan, Radio or any other basic circuit which you want to turn ON by a Sound.

Hardware Required Serial no. 1. 2.

Hardware IC Relay

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Variable Resistor MIC Resistor Resistor Transistor LEDs Diode Connector Battery PCB Power supply

Rating/Type 4017 JQC-JFC(173) DC 6V 10k 10k 1k BC547 1N4007 9V

BC546B, BC547A, B, C, BC548B, C

Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2

Amplifier Transistors NPN Silicon Features

• Pb−Free Packages are Available*

MAXIMUM RATINGS Rating

Symbol

Collector - Emitter Voltage

Value

VCEO BC546 BC547 BC548

Collector - Base Voltage

Vdc 65 45 30

VCBO BC546 BC547 BC548

Emitter - Base Voltage

Vdc 80 50 30

VEBO

6.0

Vdc

IC

100

mAdc

PD

625 5.0

mW mW/°C

PD

1.5 12

W mW/°C

Collector Current − Continuous

Total Device Dissipation @ TA = 25°C Derate above 25°C Total Device Dissipation @ TC = 25°C Derate above 25°C Operating and Storage Junction Temperature Range

Unit

,T TJ

stg

−55 to +150

°C

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Characteristic

Symbol

Max

Thermal Resistance, Junction−to−Ambient

RJA

200

Thermal Resistance, Junction−to−Case

RJC

83.3

Unit

°C/W °C/W

Stresses exceeding Maximum Ratings may damage the device. Maximum Ratings are stress ratings only. Functional operation above the Recommended Operating Conditions is not implied. Extended exposure to stresses above the Recommended Operating Conditions may affect device reliability.

© Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2007 1 Publication Order Number: March, 2007 − Rev. 6 BC546/D *For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.

http://onsemi.com

BULK PACK

TAPE & REEL AMMO PACK

MARKING DIAGRAM

BC 54x AYWW

x = 6, 7, or 8 A Y = Year WW = Work Week = Pb−Free Package

= Assembly Location

(Note: Microdot may be in either location)

ORDERING INFORMATION See detailed ordering and shipping information in the package dimensions section on page 5 of this data sheet.

Characteristic

Symbol

Min

Typ

Max

Unit

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted) V(BR)CEO

Collector − Emitter Breakdown Voltage (I C = 1.0 mA, IB = 0) BC546 BC547 BC548

65 45 30

− − −

− − −

V(BR)CBO

Collector − Base Breakdown Voltage (I C = 100 Adc) BC546 BC547 BC548

V 80 50 30

− − −

− − −

V(BR)EBO

Emitter − Base Breakdown Voltage (IE = 10 A, IC = 0) BC546 BC547 BC548 Collector Cutoff Current (VCE = 70 V, VBE = 0) (VCE = 50 V, VBE = 0) (VCE = 35 V, VBE = 0) (VCE = 30 V, TA = 125°C)

V

V 6.0 6.0 6.0

− − −

− − −

− − − −

0.2 0.2 0.2 −

15 15 15 4.0

ICES BC546 BC547 BC548 BC546/547/548

nA A

OFF CHARACTERISTICS DC Current Gain (IC = 10 A, VCE = 5.0 V)

(IC = 2.0 mA, VCE = 5.0 V)

(IC = 100 mA, VCE = 5.0 V)

hFE

−

BC547A BC546B/547B/548B BC548C

− − −

BC546 BC547 BC548 BC547A BC546B/547B/548B BC547C/BC548C

110 110 110 110 200 420

− −− 180 290 520

450 800 800 220 450 800

BC547A/548A BC546B/547B/548B BC548C

− − −

120 180 300

− − −

Collector − Emitter Saturation Voltage (IC = 10 mA, IB = 0.5 mA) (IC = 100 mA, IB = 5.0 mA) (IC = 10 mA, IB = See Note 1)

VCE(sat)

Base − Emitter Saturation Voltage (I C = 10 mA, IB = 0.5 mA)

VBE(sat)

Base − Emitter On Voltage (IC = 2.0 mA, VCE = 5.0 V) (IC = 10 mA, VCE = 5.0 V)

VBE(on)

90 150 270

− − −

V − − −

0.09 0.2 0.3

0.25 0.6 0.6

−

0.7

−

V

V

0.55 −

− −

0.7 0.77

ON CHARACTERISTICS fT

Current − Gain − Bandwidth Product (IC = 10 mA, VCE = 5.0 V, f = 100 MHz) BC546 BC547 BC548 Output Capacitance (VCB = 10 V, IC = 0, f = 1.0 MHz)

Cobo

MHz 150 150 150

300 300 300

− − −

−

1.7

4.5

pF

Input Capacitance (VEB = 0.5 V, IC = 0, f = 1.0 MHz)

Small − Signal Current Gain (IC = 2.0 mA, VCE = 5.0 V, f = 1.0 kHz)

Cibo

−

10

−

hfe BC546 BC547/548 BC547A BC546B/547B/548B BC547C/548C

Noise Figure (IC = 0.2 mA, VCE = 5.0 V, RS = 2 k, f = 1.0 kHz, f = 200 Hz) BC546 BC547 BC548

− 125 125 125 240 450

−− 220 330 600

500 900 260 500 900

NF

dB − − −

2.0 2.0 2.0

10 10 10

SMALL−SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. IB is value for which I C = 11 mA at VCE = 1.0 V.

References •

pF

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory - Robert L. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky 11e • Halliday Resnick Walker Fundamentals of Physics 10th Extended c2014 textbook • http://www.circuitstoday.com/working-of-relays...