Lec Sum - Lecture Summary for week 3 to 5.For comp4920 PDF

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Lecture Summary for week 3 to 5.For comp4920...

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[Type here] Lecture Summary Week2 Part 1 Theoretical Underpinnings of Ethics Firstly, we must recognize that there are appropriate interests of others which need to be considered, that is to act as constraints on unbridled pursuit of self-interest. Practical problem of moral reasoning is how to make problem unethical. Part 2 Moral Reasoning and Professional Ethics Ethical Relativism Descriptive Ethics is different from culture to culture which investigate what people do, and what they think are the right things to do. Prescriptive Ethics are views from other people on what we should behave and what we ought to do. It comes from normative ethical principles which could dealing with issues. The principles are come from several procedures. First, we must make judgement, then we find the rationale that involve appeal to some principle. Next, we can generalize the principle behind it. Rule-based and consequential ethics are individual morality about what should I do. However, we also have role morality which means to be loyalty to employer or to be confidentiality. Rule-based (Deontological) ethics are about right and wrong. Teleological or Consequential ethical theories include egoism, Utilitarianism, nationalism which has to look into the future. Egoism is about whether actions can benefit oneself. Utilitarianism depends on whether they produce utility such as satisfaction. Non-Consequential ethical behavior is to do actions depending on whether they are done from duty or promises other than consequences. According to Plato, virtue are characteristic including courage, fairness, compassion which actions are right as they. It is essentially about handling one’s own affairs. These characteristics enables humans to function well as humans Central features of Kant’s ethics Immanuel Kant indicates that duty is not inclination or achievement of some particular result, which is different from consequential ethics will with principle that make yourself act according to it which is good. Promise-keeping is an example of what Kant calls a ‘perfect duty’ since it is inconsistent to break the promise. Morality is not a matter of luck or accident. Autonomy make yourself act according to it. Hypocrisy is a practical inconsistency between what they believe they are, and how they behave. Mill explained that the accomplishment of action should be considered first when we engage in it. Therefore, actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness. Ethical Pluralism Moral pluralism indicates that no single moral theory or principle can be accepted as preferable to others because they are diverse and different. Imperfect procedural justice explained that the outcome could not be guaranteed to achieved.

[Type here] Week3 Barriers to ethical decision making Partisanship is one of the expectations came from moral reasons which is to act in the best interest of the client. Becoming too sympathetic of other’s interest will result in loss of objectivity. Rationalization is another barrier to make decisions. In order to be rational, we have to tell ourselves that it is ok to do something with moral, rather than being too sympathetic of clients. Implicit bias and Ethical blindness are also common because sometimes we may make unwarranted assumptions based on no evidence or fail to see ethical issues. Ethical Scripts are a common template to deal with a problem Problems and Dilemmas Problems have exact solutions while dilemmas do not. Anomaly are something that do not come along rules and we do not know what to do. Moral judgements are principled judgements which are justifiable while moral behavior is also principled behavior which should avoid hypocrisy. Situation is not black and white. It depends on how you see it so that sometimes should deal it grey. In order to make Ethical judgement, we have to consider rules and regulations with accountability and responsibility. Accountability come from directives or rules which could reveal liability Code of ethics is more general which requires proactive responsibility when making judgement. Code of conduct requires accountability which add uniformity and addresses specific problems with enforceable statement. Organization culture requires code of ethics. Codes of ethics are also concerned with virtues. In order to have Ethical Awareness, we have to avoid moral negligence, moral recklessness, moral blindness and try to exhibit moral competence. Ethical Caution is to prevent and minimizing the unethical actions. We should provide mechanisms for responding if there is a risk. Moreover, we should avoid risk even if something untoward occurrence does not happen. Hierarchy “Dirty hands” means that a situation in which doing something that is right carries with something wrong which you are responsible. Collateral damage are the unintended foreseen consequences. Innocent bystanders are people who sees something happening and do not do anything so that they do not have social responsibility. Besides, there are two different laws corresponding with this situation. The first one is ‘Good Samaritan’ Laws which offer legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are, or whom they believe to be injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated. By contrast, a duty to rescue law requires people to offer assistance and holds those who fail to do so liable.

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