Lecture #1 - neil braganza PDF

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Ancient Greece 3000-1200 Bronze Age ● Weapons were made of bronze which was very difficult to mine and work ● Only the rich had weapons ● Whole region of attica was organized around palaces andfortrisses where kings ruled with there class of warriors and priests ● King was seen as a god, power of life and death ● Law and morality was a system of extortion ● The weaker gave money in exchange for survival ● Rents and taxes were paid in order to live ● Dominant city at the time is Mesene 1200-800 BCE Early Iron Age ● Irons starts being used ● Lots of records missing ● Classicists believe that something happened resulting in society falling apart ● Fights among the elites destroyed everything ● Economic down turn ● Less evidence inequality, everyone was taking a hit ● Iron is easier to mine and work ● More people now had weapons ● Greater number were armed, strength in numbers 800-600 BCE ARCHAIC AGE - Hoplites - a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece. ● To be a citizen you must be armed and fight, if not ur a slave ● Expansion in trade ● Sparta’s rise ● Soldier citizens saw each others as equals and would exploits the farmers etc ● Clear sense of rivalry between elite groups ● Hiring mercenaries becomes a thing ● Problem: blood feuds between the elites families ○ Solution: shift from shedding blood to using words to fight your enemies ○ Fight for power and prestige ○ Those who shed blood are a threat to the wholes system so they are taken out ● Sacred duty to take revenge, that is the equality ● Stasis: ● If you kill one then there families will come after you, so if you kill one you must

kill all, so either kill or run 600-300 BCE CLASSICAL AGE 594 BCE : Solon becomes archon (leader) ● Solon comes with a bunch of reforms ● Ecclesia ○ where people would come to vote and pass reforms ● Reforms that were passed ○ No athenian slaves ■ An athenian who enslaves another athenian is a tyrant ○ Hubris law ■ If anyone acts in a threatful way to another athenian they are guilty if a capital crime ■ You can not try to dominate an athenian ■ Feuds and disagreements can exist but, excessive desire for domination is not allowed ○ Statis law ■ Rule that if there was ever a rivalry you have to take a side and lose your citizenship because you are not noble ■ If you get into a fight you have to appeal to everyone ■ Involving everyone reduces the blood shed ■ If you are an elite you must appeal to everyone now ● Ecclesia and boule

Continued on Lecture #2: 546-510 BCE: PISISTRATUS tyranny ● He pretended not to be a tyrant and showed themselves as humble which is a big change 508 BCE: CLEISTHENES becomes archon ● 139 demes, 10 tribes ● Annual ostracism ○ Every year you would have a vote to get rid of someone ○ Very rare to occur ○ Decisions were made in assembly where you would make speeches

● Over throws the tyranny

462 BCE: PERIKLES becomes archon ● Areopagus subordinated to Heliaia 431-404 BCE: SPARTA invades and defeats Athens by 404 BCE (Peloponnesian war) 404/5 BCE: Democracy restored after a short period of tyranny

TEST: WHAT KIND OF DEMOCRACY EXISTS IN A CLASSICAL ATHENS? ● 600-30- classical BCE ○ Decentralized people who were in power kept in check ○ Economic growth, great diversity of jobs ○ Flourishing of the arts ○ Flourishing in population (quarter mill in athens) ○ A lot of war- kill all the men and enslave the women ○ Women had no decision choice, no political standing ○ No government, no central authority ○ Your wealth and popularity protected you ○ If you did not have wealth and authority you were very vulnerable ○ Democracy without human rights ○ In ancient athens human rights went in relation with hierarchy...