Lecture 14 Lecture Slides Muscles PDF

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Lecture 14 – Muscles Lesson Outline Lecture Questions Reviewing Muscles Learning Outcomes • 

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Propose the location of a muscle (the origin and insertion) required to move a given element of the skeleton in a given direction, or predict the action of a muscle knowing its origin and insertion Compare and contrast the embryonic origins, structure, and function of the axial, appendicular, branchiomeric, and hypobranchial muscles in the different vertebrate taxa Predict the consequences of disrupting the formation and/or function of the axial, appendicular, branchiomeric, and hypobranchial muscles in the different vertebrate taxa

Angie O’Neill Greg Bole

Angie O’Neill

Muscle Problem 1 Consider this gorilla (Mammalia) skeleton. The red lines (X, Y, and Z) represent muscles. Identify the origin and insertion of each of these three muscles.

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Muscle Problem 2 Consider the muscles that control the tongue in sharks (Chondrichthyes). If a shark embryo was exposed to each of the following drugs, which one of these drugs would be most likely to inhibit the development of these muscles?

1) Drug A prevents development of the splanchnic hypomere mesoderm of the trunk 2) Drug B prevents development of the myotome epimere mesoderm of the somitomeres in the head 3) Drug C prevents development of the myotome epimere mesoderm of the anterior somites 4) Drug D prevents development of the myotome epimere mesoderm of the posterior somites 5) None of these drugs would inhibit the development of the muscles of the tongue in a shark embryo.

Branchiomeric and Hypobranchial Muscles The branchiomeric muscles attach to the pharyngeal arches of the splanchnocranium. The hypobranchial muscles form ventral to the pharyngeal slits and attach to the ventral regions of the pharyngeal arches. What are the functions of these muscles in agnathans? Angie O’Neill

What are the functions of these muscles in chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, and sarcopterygii?

Angie O’Neill

Branchiomeric and Hypobranchial Muscles What are the functions of these muscles in tetrapods? Branchiomeric muscles:

Both branchiomeric and hypobranchial muscles:

Hypobranchial muscles:

Muscle Problem 3

Name muscle group Z in the dogfish (Elasmobranchii), and describe the major function of this muscle.

Z Angie O’Neill

1) Epaxial muscles – stabilize the vertebral column 2) Epaxial muscles – produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion 3) Hypaxial muscles – stabilize the vertebral column 4) Hypaxial muscles – produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion 5) Hypaxial muscles – expanding and compressing the ribcage to pump water

Muscle Problem 3b

Now consider the functions of this group of muscles in the dingo (Mammalia). Which of the following is not a function of the hypaxial muscles in this animal? 1) Produce lateral undulations for locomotion 2) Protection of internal organs 3)  Flexing the trunk Greg Bole

4) Expanding the ribcage to pump air

Muscle Problem 3c

Now consider the functions of this group of muscles in a salamander (Amphibia). Which of the following is not a function of the hypaxial muscles in this animal? 1) Produce lateral undulations for locomotion 2) Protection of internal organs 3)  Flexing the trunk 4) Expanding the ribcage to pump air

Muscle Problem 4 Consider the elephant and the manatee, two eutherian mammals that shared a common ancestor (a terrestrial quadruped) approximately 60 million years ago. What would you predict about the muscular systems of these two mammals?

Keith Ramos

nickandmel2006

1) The branchiomeric muscles most likely have a larger cross-sectional area in the manatee than in the elephant (relative to overall body mass). 2) The hypobranchial muscles are mostly likely greatly reduced in the manatee compared to in the elephant. 3) The appendicular muscles most likely have a larger cross-sectional area in the elephant than in the manatee (relative to overall body mass). 4) The axial muscles most likely have a larger cross-sectional area in the elephant than the manatee (relative to overall body mass). 5) The hypaxial muscles are most likely greatly reduced in the manatee compared to in the elephant.

Muscle Problem 5 A How does limb posture affect the efficiency of terrestrial locomotion?

Skull Review Question Consider the blue shark (Elasmobranchii) and the green sunfish (Actinopterygii). Both are predators, but they have very different feeding mechanisms; the blue shark uses its jaws for prehension, whereas the green sunfish is a suction feeder. Identify one difference in the skulls of these two predators and explain how this difference is related to the feeding mechanism that they use (explain how this difference helps the blue shark to use the jaws for prehension and how it helps the green sunfish to suction feed). (5 marks)

Mark Conlin/NMFS

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