Lecture 3: Introduction to Biology: Organization and Classification PDF

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Summary

Lecture 3 covers topics such as the organization of life, biological classification/taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature

These are all introductory topics covered in this course....

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Lecture 3: Introduction to Biology: Organization and Classification Organization of Life ➢ All matter is composed of atoms ○ Matter makes up all things around us that take up space (whether they can be seen with the naked eye or not) ➢ Atoms bond to form molecules ➢ Molecules combine to form cells ○ Cells are the smallest individual components of life ➢ Cells work together to form tissue ○ Provide a specific function in multicellular organisms (e.g. digestive tissue) ➢ Tissues work together to form organs ○ E.g. stomach ➢ Organs work together is organ systems ○ E.g. digestive system (stomach, small intestine, large intestine, etc.) ➢ Organ systems work together to form an organism ○ E.g. a zebra ➢ A group of organisms is a population ○ E.g a population of zebras ➢ A group of populations is called a community ○ E.g. a population of zebras, antelopes, and elephants in one area ➢ An ecosystem is a community in its physical habitat ○ E.g. a pond with fish, fungi, soil, sand, fogs, birds, rock, air, sun, etc. ➢ The biosphere is all locations on Earth where living organisms exist Biological classification (taxonomy) Domains ➢ Bacteria ○ Prokaryotes - no membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, generally smaller, usually have a cell wall ○ Contains bacteria ➢ Archaea ○ Also prokaryotes ○ Contains bacteria ○ Can live in the most extreme environments ➢ Eukarya (Eukaryotes - membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleus, do not have cell walls, typically larger) ○ Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

■ Fungi - multicellular, have a cell wall, are non-photosynthetic Supergroups (5) ➢ May combine Amoeba and Opsithokonta (animals) to make only 1 supergroup ➢ 1 supergroup contains plants and a couple of the algae; 1 supergroup contains all the animals and fungi ➢ Other supergroups all contain single-celled organisms Taxonomy ➢ Uses the classification groupings to narrow down the field of relatedness ➢ Groups organisms into progressively smaller groups that are more closely related to each other evolutionarily ➢ Kingdoms, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species ○ Species - a group of similar individuals that can interbreed ○ Narrow as you go down from domain to species ○ The smaller the grouping, the closer the organisms are in taxonomic relatedness (more closely related evolutionarily) Binomial nomenclature (Latin name) ➢ Genus species...