Lecture 3-Organizationof Spaceand Time PDF

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1/12/18 Lecture 3 – Organization of Space and Time   

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World today organized into 7 continents Map of Ptolemy – three continents Europe, Asia, and Africa o Ptolemaeus Claudius Geographica Silver coin (denarius) o Faustus Cornelius Sulla o Globe in center surrounded by one large wreath and 3 small wreaths  Conquered the world o Believed world was round – globe Large geographical divisions o North vs south in US, california, even campus o Roman space  Binary demarcations  Romocentric  City – urbs  World – orbis terrarium  As Rome expanded, it expanded citizenship Roman citizenship o Originally, free inhabitant in city o Late, participation in judicial process o Advantages for being roman citizen  Tried in Rome and nowhere else o Extended to all free citizens in eastern world  Very controversial Within Rome o Home – domi  One’s own city - domestic o Outdoors – foris  Abroad – foreign Space defined o By ethnic and cultural identity o Melting pot  Latin, Sabine, Etruscan, Greek, Oscan, Samnite  Last 3 kings of Rome were Etruscan  Latin became dominant language in region as Rome expanded o First province  Sicilian island o City of Rome or Latin towns o Italian or provincial o Roman or barbarian o City vs country

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   Greece   Rome    

Urban (urbanus) and rural (rusticus) Urbanus – upper class and more progressive Rusticus – lower classes and more conservative Female quarters women sequestered men and women dined apart No female quarters Men and women dined together No children’s quarters Slaves quarters  Small space near the kitchen

Roman house o Fauces (throat)  Narrow passageway in o Atrium  Large central space  Meet clientele  Middle of house  Garden or painting of one  Compluvium  Pluvi – rain o Impluvium  Basin where rain collected  Rain, sunlight, and air o Vestibulum  Opening o Cubiculum  Rooms Public space o Belonged to adult male citizen “the Man show” o Excluded: children, women, foreigners, and slaves  These groups can be in area, but have no voice o Forum: political, legal, and commercial center  Most important area  Forum Boarium  Early cattle-market besides Tiber River  Myth of Greek god Hercules o Area dedicated to Hercules by merchants  Temple of Hercules Victor  Temple of Portunus  Imperial Fora  Forum of the god dedicated by the leader o Caesar, Augustus, Nerva, Trajan

o Shopping area Forum Romanum  Small flat land or plain, marshy, almost a swamp  Subjects of flooding  Etruscans devise drainage system that dries out the marshlands o Comitium (comeo – to come together)  Sacred space inaugurated for citizens to assemble  Area in frond of Senate House, north of Roman Forum  Raised plane like most Roman architecture  Round  Early on was common, used less later on o Curia (senate house)  Original building attributed to third king Tullius Hostilius – Curia Hostilia  Julius Caesar planned new building later dedicated by Augustus – Curia Julia  Still standing in Roman forum  Diocletian rebuilt it o Sacra Via (sacred way)  Solemn pathway leading up to the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill  Dedicate spoils to the gods  Only time soldiers were allowed into city (other than civil war) o Pomoerium (boundary)  City marked by formal boundary  Ploughed dirt with oxen to make line o Campus Martius (Field of Mars)  Public field (campus)  Outside of city where soldiers trained and equestrian activities  Later became part of city as it expanded  Mausoleum and __ of Augustus Terminus o God of boundaries o Boundary-stone, sunk into earth, marking out piece of land o Celebration in February originally to end the year Janus o Another god of boundaries o Two-faced god o Superstitions of threshold  Unlucky to step on threshold Lacus Curtius o Pond of Curtius o Lacus – small pool of water, not stagnant but rises and falls o Mettius Curtius gets stuck in pond when escaping from Romans o Descendent of Curtius jumps into pond and disappears  “sacrificed”  Sacred significance 

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Roman time o Early rome  Time before founding of city not important o Only human time mattered  Time based on founding of city  753 BCE o Sundial  Pompeii – 30 sundials  Augustus created giant sundial with obelisk  Never quite worked o Roman calendar  Displayed on walls of temples  Recorded months and days of the year  Days marked based on activity  Certain days allowed certain activities  Market calendar of 8 days  Originally based on lunar cycle  Originally 10 months  Moved to 12 months, ending in February (355 days)  Caesar changed the calendar to 12 months, starting in 365 o Leap year  Julius and Augustus – July and August  Kalends – first day of month  Nones – fifth and seventh day of month  Ides – thirteenth of month  Count inclusively Roman Festivals o The Robigalia  Robigus (Robigo) – obscure, archaic god of mildew or mold  Mildew or mold on crops that damage grain  Prayer of the flamen  Cruel Mildew, spare the sprouts of the grain plant. Let them grow. Your power is not little. Spare us, and keep away from our harvests. . .  Sacrifice of a filthy dog o Lupercalia  Lupa – the wolf  15th of February  Fertility rite  Ritual  Young men of Luperci would race around the city  Women stand in way and be touched by then, increasing fertility  Sacrifice of a dog o Saturnalia

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Saturn – Chronos, god of agriculture and father of Jupiter, protective god and god of peace Came to Italy in reign of Janus Assimilate Chronos and Italian god Saturn December 17-23 Most festive holiday  Role switch from slaves and masters Associated with Christmas  Time when Rome adopted Christianity  Winter solstice...