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Lecture notes: Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health.[1] Such disciplines as medical microbiology, clinical virology, clinical epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, and biomedical engineering are medical sciences. In explaining physiological mechanisms operating in pathological processes, however, pathophysiology can be regarded as basic science. Biomedical Sciences, as defined by the UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education Benchmark Statement in 2015, includes those science disciplines whose primary focus is the biology of human health and disease and ranges from the generic study of biomedical sciences and human biology to more specialised subject areas such as pharmacology, human physiology and human nutrition. It is underpinned by relevant basic sciences including anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics and molecular biology, immunology, mathematics and statistics, and bioinformatics.[2] As such the biomedical sciences have a much wider range of academic and research activities and economic significance than that defined by hospital laboratory sciences. Biomedical Sciences are the major focus of bioscience research and funding in the 21st century.[2]

Contents  o o o   o o o o o   

1Roles within biomedical science 1.1Life sciences specialties 1.2Physiological science specialisms 1.3Physics and bioengineering specialisms 2Biomedical science in the United Kingdom 3Biomedical Science in the 20th Century 3.11910s 3.21920s 3.31930s 3.41940s 3.51950s 4See also 5References 6External links

Roles within biomedical science[edit] A sub-set of biomedical sciences is the science of clinical laboratory diagnosis. This is commonly referred to in the UK as 'biomedical science' or 'healthcare science'.[2] There are at least 45 different specialisms within healthcare science, which are traditionally grouped into three main divisions:[3]   

specialisms involving life sciences specialisms involving physiological science specialisms involving medical physics or bioengineering

Life sciences specialties[edit]    

Molecular toxicology Molecular pathology Blood transfusion science Cervical cytology

                

Clinical biochemistry Clinical embryology Clinical immunology Electron microscopy External quality assurance Haematology Haemostasis and thrombosis Histocompatibility and immunogenetics Histopathology and cytopathology Molecular genetics and cytogenetics Molecular biology and cell biology Microbiology including mycology Bacteriology Tropical diseases Phlebotomy Tissue banking/transplant Virology

Physiological science specialisms[edit]           

Audiology and hearing therapy Autonomic neurovascular function Cardiac physiology Clinical perfusion Critical care science Gastrointestinal physiology Neurophysiology Ophthalmic and vision science Respiratory and sleep physiology Urology Vascular science

Physics and bioengineering specialisms[edit]                  

Biomechanical engineering Biomedical engineering Clinical engineering Clinical measurement Diagnostic radiology Equipment management Maxillofacial prosthetics Medical electronics Medical engineering design Medical illustration and clinical photography Non-ionising radiation Nuclear medicine Radiopharmacy Radiation protection and monitoring Radiotherapy physics Rehabilitation engineering Renal technology and science Ultrasound

Biomedical science in the United Kingdom[edit] The healthcare science workforce is an important part of the UK's National Health Service. While people working in healthcare science are only 5% of the staff of the NHS, 80% of all diagnoses can be attributed to their work.[4] The volume of specialist healthcare science work is a significant part of the work of the NHS. Every year, NHS healthcare scientists carry out:   

nearly 1 billion pathology laboratory tests more than 12 million physiological tests support for 1.5 million fractions of radiotherapy

The four governments of the UK have recognised the importance of healthcare science to the NHS, introducing the Modernising Scientific Careers initiative to make certain that the education and training for healthcare scientists ensures there is the flexibility to meet patient needs while keeping up to date with scientific developments.[5]

Biomedical Science in the 20th Century[edit] At this point in history the field of medicine was the most prevalent sub field of biomedical science, as several breakthroughs on how to treat diseases and help the immune system were made. As well as the birth of body augmentations.

1910s[edit] In 1912 the Institute of Biomedical Science was founded in the United Kingdom. The institute is still standing today and still regularly publishes works in the major breakthroughs in disease treatments and other breakthroughs in the field 117 years later. The IBMS today represents approximately 20,000 members employed mainly in National Health Service and private laboratories.

1920s[edit] In 1928 British Scientist Alexander Flemming created the first antibiotic penicillin. This was a huge breakthrough in biomedical science because it allowed for the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1926 the first artificial pacemaker was made by Australian physician Dr. Mark C. Lidwell. This portable machine was plugged into a lighting point. One pole was applied to a skin pad soaked with strong salt solution, while the other consisted of a needle insulated up to the point and was plunged into the appropriate cardiac chamber and the machine started. A switch was incorporated to change the polarity. The pacemaker rate ranged from about 80 to 120 pulses per minute and the voltage also variable from 1.5 to 120 volts.[6]

1930s[edit] The 1930s was a huge era for biomedical research, as this was the era where antibiotics became more widespread and vaccines started to be developed. In 1935 the idea of a polio vaccine was introduced by Dr. Maurice Brodie. Brodie prepared a killed poliomyelitis vaccine, which he then tested on chimpanzees, himself, and several children. Brodie's vaccine trials did not go well since the polio-virus became active in a lot of the human test subjects. Many of the subjects had fatal side effects, paralyzing and causing death.[7]

1940s[edit] During and after World War II, the field of biomedical science saw a new age of technology and treatment methods. For instance in 1941 the first hormonal treatment for prostate cancer was implemented by Urologist and cancer researcher Charles B. Huggins. Huggins discovered that if you remove the testicles from a man with prostate cancer, the cancer had nowhere to spread,

and nothing to feed on thus putting the subject into remission.[8] This advancement lead to the development of hormonal blocking drugs, which is less invasive and still used today. At the tail end of this decade, the first bone marrow transplant was done on a mouse in 1949. The surgery was conducted by Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, he discovered that he could transplant bone marrow and spleen tissues in a mouse that had both no bone marrow and a destroyed spleen. [9] The procedure is still used in modern medicine today and is responsible for saving countless lives.

1950s[edit] In the 1950s we saw innovation in technology across all fields, but most importantly there was a lot of breakthroughs that helped lead us to modern medicine. On March 6, 1953 Dr. Jonas Salk announced the completion of the first successful killed-virus Polio vaccine. The vaccine was tested on about 1.6 million Canadian, American, and Finnish children in 1954. The vaccine was announced as safe on April 12, 1955.[10]...