LegReg Attack Outline PDF

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Legislation and Regulations Attack Outline & Summary...

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Legislation+and+Regulation,+Mark+Tushnet+ Spring+2015+—+Attack+Outline+ + Statutory+Interpretation+ 1. “Regardless,of,the,court’s,preference,for,textualism,or,purposivism,,all,statutory,interpretation, begins,with,an,analysis+of+the+text+itself.”, a. Plain,meaning:,Examine,what,appears,to,be,the,rule,of,the,statute,on,its,face., b. Dictionary,definition, i. “Of,course,,the,dictionary,definition,of,any,term,can,be,rejected,if,the,statute, provides,a,definition,of,such,a,term,(Pierce,v.,Underwood).”, c. Ordinary,meaning:,Examine,the,ordinary,meaning,or,common,understanding,of,the, terms,within,the,statute.,(Yates), d. Entire,act:,“The,Court,presumes,statutory,consistency.,Because,a,statute,is,a,uniform,, consistent,whole,,each,statutory,provision,and,term,therein,should,be,read,with, reference,to,the,entire,act.”, i. Note,that,this,type,of,textual,analysis,relates,directly,to,rule,of,surplusage., e. Statute’s,title:,Examine,statute’s,title,or,preamble,to,interpret,its,scope.,(Holy,Trinity,, Yates), 2. Consider,semantic+(linguistic)+canons.,, Tushnet’s,favorite,canons,are,listed,below;,full,Llewellyn,thrust-parry,list,follows., a. Ejusdem,generis:,A,word,on,a,list,is,likely,to,be,of,the,“same,type”,as,the,other,words,, so,look,at,the,entire,list,to,discern,its,meaning., b. In,pari,materia:,A,word,tends,to,be,used,the,same,way,in,different,contexts/statutes,,so, look,at,other,statutes.,(Breyer,on,“substantially,justified”,language,in,Equal,Access,to, Justice,Act,,Pierce,v.,Underwood), c. Expression,unius,exclusio,alteris:,Mentioning,one,specific,thing,excludes,others,of,the, “same,type.”, d. Rule,against,surplusage:,Every,word,and,clause,must,be,given,effect.,(Chickasaw,Nation), , Thrust+ Parry+ 1., A,statute,cannot,go,beyond,its,text., 1., To,effect,its,purpose,a,statute,may,be, implemented,beyond,its,text., 2., Statutes,in,derogation,of,the,common,law, 2., Such,acts,will,be,liberally,construed,if,their,nature, will,not,be,extended,by,construction., is,remedial., 3., Statutes,are,to,be,read,in,the,light,of,the, 3., The,common,law,gives,way,to,a,statute,which,is, common,law,and,a,statute,affirming,a, inconsistent,with,it,and,when,a,statute,is, common,law,rule,is,to,be,construed,in, designed,as,a,revision,of,a,whole,body,of,law, accordance,with,the,common,law., applicable,to,a,given,subject,it,supersedes,the, common,law., 4., Where,a,foreign,statute,which,has,received, 4., It,may,be,rejected,where,there,is,conflict,with,the, construction,has,been,adopted,,previous, obvious,meaning,of,the,statute,or,where,the, construction,is,adopted,too., foreign,decisions,are,unsatisfactory,in,reasoning, or,where,the,foreign,interpretation,is,not,in, harmony,with,the,spirit,or,policy,of,the,laws,of, the,adopting,state., 5., Where,various,states,have,already,adopted, 5., Where,interpretations,of,other,states,are, the,statute,,the,parent,state,is,followed., inharmonious,,there,is,no,such,restraint.,

6., Statutes,in+pari+materia+[about,the,same, thing],must,be,construed,together.,

7., A,statute,imposing,a,new,penalty,or, forfeiture,,or,a,new,liability,or,disability,,or, creating,a,new,right,of,action,will,not,be, construed,as,having,a,retroactive,effect., 8., Where,design,has,been,distinctly,stated,no, place,is,left,for,construction., 9., Definitions,and,rules,of,construction, contained,in,an,interpretation,clause,are, part,of,the,law,and,binding.,

6., A,statute,is,not,in+pari+materia,if,its,scope,and, aim,are,distinct,or,where,a,legislative,design,to, depart,from,the,general,purpose,or,policy,of, previous,enactments,may,be,apparent., 7., Remedial,statutes,are,to,be,liberally,construed, and,if,a,retroactive,interpretation,will,promote, the,ends,of,justice,,they,should,receive,such, construction., 8., Courts,have,the,power,to,inquire,into,real—as, distinct,from,ostensible—purpose., 9., Definitions,and,rules,of,construction,in,a,statute, will,not,be,extended,beyond,their,necessary, import,nor,allowed,to,defeat,intention,otherwise, manifested., 10.,Where,a,rule,of,construction,is,provided,within, the,statute,itself,the,rule,should,be,applied.,

10.,A,statutory,provision,requiring,liberal, construction,does,not,mean,disregard,of, unequivocal,requirements,of,the,statute., 11.,Titles,do,not,control,meaning;,preambles,do, 11.,The,title,may,be,consulted,as,a,guide,when,there, not,expand,scope;,section,headings,do,not, is,doubt,or,obscurity,in,the,body;,preambles,may, change,language., be,consulted,to,determine,rationale,,and,thus,the, true,construction,of,terms;,section,headings,may, be,looked,upon,as,part,of,the,statute,itself., 12.,If,language,is,plain,and,unambiguous,it, 12.,Not,when,literal,interpretation,would,lead,to, must,be,given,effect., absurd,or,mischievous,consequences,or,thwart, manifest,purpose., 13.,Words,and,phrases,which,have,received, 13.,Not,if,the,statute,clearly,requires,them,to,have,a, judicial,construction,before,enactment,are, different,meaning., to,be,understood,according,to,that, construction., 14.,After,enactment,,judicial,decision,upon, 14., Practice,construction,by,executive,officers,is, interpretation,of,particular,terms,and, strong,evidence,of,true,meaning., phrases,controls., 15.,Words,are,to,be,taken,in,their,ordinary, 15., Popular,words,may,bear,a,technical,meaning,and, meaning,unless,they,are,technical,terms,or, technical,words,may,have,a,popular,signification, words,of,art., and,they,should,be,so,construed,as,to,agree,with, evident,intention,or,to,make,the,statute, operative., 16.,Every,word,and,clause,must,be,given,effect., 16.,If,inadvertently,inserted,or,if,repugnant,to,the, (Rule+against+surplusage), rest,of,the,statute,,they,may,be,rejected,as, surplusage., 17.,The,same,language,used,repeatedly,in,the, 17.,This,presumption,will,be,disregarded,where,it,is, same,connection,is,presumed,to,bear,the, necessary,to,assign,different,meanings,to,make, same,meaning,throughout,the,statute.,(the, the,statute,consistent., “whole+statute”+rule), 18.,Words,are,to,be,interpreted,according,to, 18.,Rules,of,grammar,will,be,disregarded,where,strict, the,proper,grammatical,effect,of,their, adherence,would,defeat,purpose., arrangement,within,the,statute.,

19.,Exceptions,not,made,cannot,be,read.,

19.,The,letter,is,only,the,“bark.”,Whatever,is,within, the,reason,of,the,law,is,within,the,law,itself., 20.,Expression,of,one,thing,excludes,another., 20.,The,language,may,fairly,comprehend,many, (Expressio+unius), different,cases,where,some,only,are,expressly, mentioned,by,way,of,example., 21.,General,terms,are,to,receive,a,general, 21.,They,may,be,limited,by,specific,terms,with,which, construction., they,are,associated,or,by,the,scope,and,purpose, of,the,statute., 22.,It,is,a,general,rule,of,construction,that, 22.,General,words,must,operate,on,something., where,general,words,follow,an, Further,,ejusdem+generis,is,only,an,aid,in,getting, enumeration,they,are,to,be,held,as,applying, the,meaning,and,does,not,warrant,confining,the, only,to,persons,and,things,of,the,same, operations,of,a,statute,within,narrower,limits, general,kind,or,class,specifically,mentioned, than,were,intended., (ejusdem+generis)., 23.,Qualifying,or,limiting,words,or,clauses,are, 23.,Not,when,evident,sense,and,meaning,require,a, to,be,referred,to,the,next,preceding, different,construction., antecedent., 24., Punctuation,will,govern,when,a,statute,is, 24., Punctuation,marks,will,not,control,the,plain,and, open,to,two,constructions., evident,meaning,of,language., 25.,It,must,be,assumed,that,language,has,been, 25.,“And”,and,“or”,may,be,read,interchangeably, chosen,with,due,regard,to,grammatical, whenever,the,change,is,necessary,to,give,the, propriety,and,is,not,interchangeable,on, statute,sense,and,effect., mere,conjecture., 26.,There,is,a,distinction,between,words,of, 26.,Words,imparting,permission,may,be,read,as, permission,and,mandatory,words., mandatory,and,words,imparting,command,may, be,read,as,permissive,when,such,construction,is, made,necessary,by,evident,intention,or,by,the, rights,of,the,public., 27.,A,proviso,qualifies,the,provision, 27.,It,may,clearly,be,intended,to,have,a,wider,scope., immediately,preceding., 28.,When,the,enacting,clause,is,general,,a, 28.,Not,when,it,is,necessary,to,ex-tend,the,proviso,to, proviso,is,construed,strictly., persons,or,cases,which,come,within,its,equity., , 3. Consider,substantive+(meaning-based)+canons., a. Rule,of,lenity:,Construe,criminal,statutes,to,limit,liability,,because,of,the,general, presumption,in,favor,of,liberty.,(Bond,v.,United,States), b. Federalism:,Construe,statutes,so,that,they,do,not,“unduly”,limit,state,authority,to,act., (Bond,v.,United,States), c. Constitutional,avoidance:,two,subtypes, i. Classical:,Reject,constructions,that,would,make,the,statute,unconstitutional., ii. Modern:,Construe,the,statute,in,a,way,that,allows,the,court,to,avoid,deciding,a, tough,constitutional,question., d. Indian,presumption:,We,should,presume,an,interpretation,favorable,to,Indian,tribes., (Chickasaw,Nation), e. Absurdity:,(U.S.,v.,Marshall,,Bond,v.,United,States), 4. “If,the,court,follows,a,textualist,framework,,its,analysis,will,not,continue.,However,,if,the,court, decides,to,employ,purposivism,to,interpret,the,statute,,it,may,also,consider,legislative,history.”,,

a. Agency,notice-and-comment,process,(§,553,,APA), b. Congressional,committee,hearings,process,(Urban,Mass,Transport,Act), c. Note'that'in'some'cases,'snafus'with'legislative'process'may'require'a'reading'of' legislative'history'to'determine'the'true'meaning.,(U.S.,v.,Falvey)' , Chevron+and+State+Farm+Analysis+of+Agency+Interpretation, 0. Did,Congress,give,the,agency,the,authority,to,make,the,decision,“with,the,force,of,law”?,(Mead), a. If,the,agency,acts,with,high,degree,of,procedural,regularity,,that’s,an,indication,that, Congress,did,intend,to,delegate,authority,to,issue,rulings,with,the,force,of,law., b. If,Congress,has,not,delegated,this,authority,to,the,agency,,the,agency,is,still,entitled,to, weigh,in,,and,will,receive,Skidmore,deference., 1. Look,at,the,statute,and,determine,if,Congress,has,spoken,directly,to,or,resolved,the,precise, question,at,hand.,, a. Use,ordinary,methods,of,statutory,interpretation,when,determining,the,answer,to,this, question.,Do,not,apply,purposivism,in,this,analysis., b. Cases,to,cite:, i. Brown,&,Williamson :,, 1. Congress,directly,addressed,the,question,“are,cigarettes,devices,for,the, delivery,of,drugs?”,in,the,negative., 2. Big,deal,principle:,If,an,issue,is,a,big,deal,(e.g.,,regulation,of,tobacco),, Congress,will,not,be,cryptic,—,it,will,speak,to,the,issue,directly.,, ii. Mass.,v.,EPA:,, 1. Plain,meaning,of,the,statute,indicates,Congress,directly,spoke,to,the, issue,that,CO2,was,an,air,pollutant., 2. Also,invokes,the,big,deal,principle., 2. If,Congress,did,not,speak,directly,to,the,precise,question,at,issue,,and,if,it,intended,that,agency, rulings,have,the,force,of,law,,then,courts,should,defer,to,the,agency’s,interpretations,if,they,are, reasonable., a. Scope,of,reasonableness,varies,case-by-case,,and,is,a,fluffy,standard.,(If,an,agency,has, given,an,interpretation,,it’s,unlikely,that,a,court,will,find,this,standard,unreasonable.),, b. There,is,very,little,invocation,of,Chevron,Step,2.,, i. In,Mass.,v.,EPA,,the,Court,sidestepped,the,problem,of,claiming,the,EPA’s,finding, on,CO2,by,saying,Congress,directly,spoke,to,the,issue., 3. After,passing,Steps,0-2,of,Chevron,,courts,will,take,a,hard,look,at,determining,if,the,agency,rule, is,arbitrary,and,capricious,under,§,§706(2)(a),of,the,APA., a. Ways,a,statute,can,be,arbitrary,or,capricious:, i. Agency,relies,on,factors,that,Congress,did,not,intend,it,to,consider., ii. Agency,fails,to,consider,an,important,aspect,of,the,problem.,(State,Farm,,§,V), iii. Agency,offers,an,explanation,for,its,decision,that,runs,counter,to,the,evidence, before,it.,(Court,of,Appeals,in,Baltimore,Gas,&,Electric), iv. The,outcome,is,so,implausible,that,it,could,not,be,ascribed,to,a,difference,in, view,or,the,product,of,agency,expertise.,...