Lesson 12 - FL PDF

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LESSON 12 PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: 1. CONCEPT: Parental powers as a consequence of parentage. Sec. 2. The filiation of determines the parental powers Sec. Holders of parental powers: parents, in order to fulfill their parental responsibilities, have parental powers over their minor non emancipated c...

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LESSON&12&–&PARENTAL&RESPONSIBILITY:& ! 1.&CONCEPT:&& Parental!powers!as!a!consequence!of!parentage.!! • Sec.!235-2!CCC:!(…)!2.!The!filiation![establishment!of!parentage]!determines!the!parental& powers!(…).!! Sec.!236-1!CCC!–!Holders!of!parental!powers:!“The$parents,$in$order$to$fulfill$their$parental$responsibilities,$ have$ parental$ powers$ over$ their$ minor$ non$ emancipated$ children.$ Parental$ powers$ may$ be$ extended$ or$ restored$in$respect$of$legally$incapacitated$children$having$reached$the$age$of$majority”.!!

Parental! powers! as! responsibilities:! power! and! duties! to! be! exercised! for! the! benefit!of!children!(sec.!236-2).! • Parental!powers!and!custody:&relationship.! • Parental! powers! and! development! of! the! child’s! personality:! relationship! to! the! child’s&autonomy.&!

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! 1.1&Content&of&parental&responsibilities:&& The!child’s!person:! • Personal&care,&maintenance,&education&and&integral&formation!(sec.!236-17.1).! • Duty& of& obedience& and& power& to& discipline& children& in!a!proportionate,!reasonable!and! moderate!manner,!with!full!respect!for!their!dignity!(sec.!236-17.3!to!5).! • Duty&of&living&together&and&power&to&determine&the&child’s&residence!(sec.!236-17.1!and! 2):!if!parental!responsibilities!are!exercised!jointly,!the!holders!of!parental!responsibilities! who!are!living!apart!should!agree!upon!with!whom!the!child!resides.! The!child’s!property:! • Duties&and&powers&of&administration&of&property!(sec.!236-17.1):!the!holders!of!parental! responsibilities! will! have! to! do! so! with! due! care! and! diligence! in! order! to! preserve! and! where!possible!increase!the!value!of!the!property.! • Duty&of&the&child&to&contribute&to&family&expenses!(sec.!236-22,!rel.!to!sec.!231-6!CCC).! In!order!to!exercise!their!parental!powers!via-à-vis!third!parties,!parents!have!powers!of!legal& representation& on& behalf&of& their& children,&except! in!the!cases!established!by!law!(sec.!23618).! & 1.2&Parental&powers&and&autonomy&of&the&child:& Sec.&236-18.2&CCC:&“Legal!representation!of!the!child!shall!be!excluded&in!the!following!cases:!! a) Legal!acts!concerning!personality!rights,!unless!the!law!provides!otherwise.!! b) Legal!acts!concerning!age-related!goods!or!services,!according!to!social!usages,!and,!in! the!case!of!extended!or!restored!parental!powers,!legal!acts!that!the!child!can!perform! based!on!his/her!natural!capacity.!! […]”.!! *Any!act!of!the!legal!representative!involving!any!personal!performance!of!the!minor!requires! the!consent!of!the!latter!if!he!is!twelve&years&of&age&or&over&or&if,&although&younger,&he&has& enough&discernment&(sec.!211-!6.3).!

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Personality&rights&and&children’s&autonomy:&some&examples& • • • • • • •

Higher!education!and!vocational!training!! Decision!making!in!matters!of!religion!(sec.!33!Act!14/2010)!! Surnames!order!(GBRN!Decision!22.4.1995)! Right!to!honor,!privacy!and!one’s!image!(sec.!3.1!Organic!Act!1/1982)!! Association!(sec.!323-1!CCC)!! Piercings!and!tattoos!(Cat.!Government!Decree!90/2008)!! Medical!treatments!(sec.!212-2.1!CCC)! o Sec.! 212-2.1! CCC:! “Children$ over$ 16$ years$ and$ those$ under$ this$ age$ possessing$ sufficient$ intellectual$ and$ emotional$ maturity! to$ understand$ the$ scope$ of$ a$ health$ intervention$ have$ to$ give$ consent$ by$ themselves,$ unless& health& regulations& provide& otherwise”.&! o Respect!of!mature!children’s!personal!autonomy.! o Right!of!children!to!be!heard!according!to!their!natural!capacity!and!in!any!case!upon! reaching!the!age!of!12!(Sec.!211-6.2!CCC).! o Substitution& by& parents& when! children! are! not! in! the! condition! to! consent! by! themselves.! § Immature!children! § Incapacitated!children! § Serious! life! /! health! risk! (sec.! 9.4! Act! 41/2002,! as! amended! by! Organic! Act! 26/2015).! o Substitution& by& the& judge& if! parents! refuse! to! consent! (i.e.,! Jehova! witnesses! and! blood!transfusion).! o Special&cases:&Teen!abortions.!

& 2.&ESTABLISHING&AND&EXERCISING&PARENTAL&POWERS:&& Sec.&235-2&CCC:&! & 2.!The$filiation$[establishment$of$parentage]$determines$the$parental$powers…$(…)”.$$ Distinction&between&holding&and&exercising&parental&powers:& • The! general! rule! is! that! legally! both! parents! have! parental! powers,! they! hold! these! powers.& • However,! it! can! happen! that! only! one! of! them! can! exercise! de! facto! these! parental! powers.! E.g.:! Subject! a! child!to! a!medical!treatment.! The! passive!position!has!relevance! because! if! the! one! that! can! exercise! the! parental! powers! dies,! the! bare! holder! will! be! entitled!to!exercise!them.& o Under! certain! circumstances,! such! as! rape! or! late! recognition! of! paternity,! the! law! allows! the! mother! to!exclude!the! father! from! holding! parental!responsibilities!(art.! 235-14!CCC).!In!these!cases,!the!father!will!lose!his!rights!but!will!keep!maintenance! duties.& o Also,! a! judge! may! decide! to! discharge! one! parent! from! the! holding! of! parental! powers.& Modalities&of&exercising&parental&powers:&& • Joint&exercise&&(art.&236-8&CCC):!Parental!authority!over!children!is!exercised!jointly!by!the! parents,! unless! another! form! of! exercise! is! agreed! between! them! or! unless! otherwise! provided! by! the! laws! or! by! the! judicial! authority.! It! should! not! be! affected! neither! by! dissolution!of!the!marriage!nor!by!separation!between!the!parents.! • Individual&&(exclusive)& exercise& &(art.&236-10& CCC):!Under!some! circumstances,!exclusive! exercise!will!be!needed.!E.g.:!If!the!father!is!unknown;!one!parent!has!died.! o By!operation!of!the!law,!e.g.:!in!the!case!of!absence,!incapacitation,!impossibility!.!

o By! judicial! decree,! e.g.:! in! divorce! proceedings,! if! one! parent! disappears.! By! agreement! between! the! parents:! The! delegation! of! parental! powers! (art.! 236-9.1! CCC).! • Distribution& of& functions& (art.& 236-9.1& CCC):! Some! components! included! in! the! idea! of! parental!powers!will!be!exercised!by!one!parent!and!others!will!be!exercised!by!the!other.! Only!takes!place!by!agreement.! & 2.1&Joint&exercise:&& Decisions&which!can!be!made!individually&(sec.!236-!8.2!c):!! • Decisions! where! acting! individually! is! normal,! according! to! social! usages! and! the! family! circumstances.! • Urgent!decisions.! Decisions&which!require!to!be!consented!by!both&parents:!! • Decisions! where! the! law! presumes! the! consent! by! the! other! parent! (sec.! 236-8.2! a:! ordinary!administr.!acts).! • Decisions! which! require! the! giving! of! consent! by! the! other! or! which! have! to! be! made! jointly!(sec.!236-8.2!b)!à!decisions!which,!according!! ! 3.&PARENTS&LIVING&APART:&& PEFLRPR&–&&Principle&3:10:&Effect&of&dissolution&and&separation:& Parental$ responsibilities$ should$ neither$ be$ affected$ by$ the$ dissolution$ […]$ of$ the$ marriage$ […]$nor$by$the$legal$or$factual$separation$between$the$parents.$ Even!if!the!parents!live!apart,!the!!default!rule!is!the!preservation!of!joint!exercise!(art.!233-8.1! and!236-8!CCC):!In!Spanish!Civil!law!(art.!156.4!CC),!parental!powers!will!be!allocated!solely!to! the!holder!of!the!custody.! Agreement:!Admission!of!individual!exercise!or!distribution!of!functions!(art.!236-11.1!CCC).! Judicial&decree:!The!decision! over!the! exercise!of! parental!responsibilities!is! to!be! made!by! a! judge!in!case!of!parental!disagreement!(art.!236-11.4!CCC).! Restrictions& to& individual& exercise& (art.& 236-11.6& CCC):! In! certain! important! decisions! (schooling! choices,! reallocation),! the! other! parent’s! consent! is! required,! even! in! case! of! individual!exercise.!The!other!parent!has!the!power!to!object.! An!additional!problem!to!joint!exercise!is!the&disagreements&between&parents:!These!conflicts! are! not!common! when! the! family! still!exists.! When! the!couple! separates!these! conflicts!arise! more!often.! • Occasional! disagreements! (art.! 236-13.1! CCC):! The! judge! hears! the! parents! and,! if! appropriate,!the!child!and!assigns!to!one!of!the!parents!the!decision-making!power.! • Frequent! disagreements! (art.! 236-13.2! CCC):! The! law! does! not! define! what! is! frequent.! The! judge! hears! the! parents! and,! if! appropriate,! the! child! and! assigns! the! exercise! of! parental! powers! to! one! of! them! individually! (in! whole! or! in! part)! or! to! both! them! distributing!the!functions.!The!judicial!decision!may!last!for!up!to!2!years.! ! 4.&POSITION&OF&THE&PARENT’S&NEW&PARTNER/SPOUSE:& Principle& 3:18& (PEFLRPR):!The!parent’s!partner!living!with!the!child!may!take!part!in!decisions! with!respect!to!daily&matters&unless$the$other$parent$having$parental$responsibilities$objects.$! THE&CATALAN&NEW&APPROACH&(sec.&236-14&and&236-15):&! • Right!to!take!part!in!the!decision-making!with!respect!to!daily!matters!of!the!child’s!life!!

• Right!to!take!the!necessary!measures!in!case!of!imminent!risk!to!the!child!! • Exceptional! possibility! to! ask! the! judge! that! he/she! be! allocated! the! child’s! custody! and! parental!powers!upon!death!of!the!parent!having!sole!custody!/!contact!rights!! ! 5.&TERMINATION&OF&PARENTAL&POWERS&(SEC.&236-32&CCC):& Child’s!or!both!parents’!death,!declaration!of!death!or!declaration!of!absence!! Child’s!adoption!(except!adoption!by!the!parent’s!spouse!or!partner)!! Child’s!emancipation!or!coming!of!age!! Discharge!of!both!parents!(or!the!parent!being!sole!holder)!from!the!parental!powers.!! ! 6.&JUDICIAL&INTERVENTION,&SUSPENSION&AND&REMOVAL&OF&PARENTAL&POWERS:& Judicial&intervention&(sec.&236-3.2&CCC):& • Judge!may!adopt!all!appropriate!measures!to!avoid!any!damage!to!the!child!! • Broad!legal!standing!to!request!the!adoption!of!measures!! • Measures!may!concern!both!the!personal!or!financial!affairs!of!the!child!! Suspension& (sec.& 228-3& CCC):! Automatic! effect! of! the! administrative! decree! placing! the! child! on!public!care!! Removal&(sec.&236-6&CCC):& • Serious! or! repeated! breach! of! the! parental! duties! or! comission! of! certain! criminal! offences!! • Decreed!by!sentence!in!civil!or!criminal!proceedings!! • Parental!powers!may!be!restored!! Special&Disqualification:&& • Principal!or!accessory!penalty!for!the!comission!of!certain!offences.!! • Duration!established!by!the!criminal!judgment.!! !...