Lesson 4 - Numbers - Lecture notes 5 PDF

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Mandarin Level 1 Discussion on Numbers and Time...

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LESSON 3

(di san ke)

NUMBERS

I.

CARDINAL NUMBERS

When numbers are used for counting, they occur without any additional word. The numbers 11-99 are built upon the numbers 1-10. yi

er

san

si

wu

liu

qi

ba

jiu

shi

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

shi yi

shi er

shi san

shi si

shi wu

shi liu

shi qi

shi ba

shi jiu

er shi

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

er shi yi

er shi er

er shi san

er shi si

er shi wu

er shi liu

er shi qi

er shi ba

er shi jiu

san shi

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

san shi yi

san shi er

san shi san

san shi si

san shi wu

san shi liu

san shi qi

san shi ba

san hi jiu

si shi

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

si shi yi

si shi er

si shi san

si shi si

si shi wu

si shi liu

si shi qi

si shi ba

si shi jiu

wu shi

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

wu shi yi

wu shi er

wu shi san

wu shi si

wu shi wu

wu shi liu

wu shi qi

wu shi ba

wu shi jiu

liu shi

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

liu shi yi

liu shi er

liu shi san

liu shi si

liu shi wu

liu shi liu

liu shi qi

liu shi ba

liu shi jiu

qi shi

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

qi shi yi

qi shi er

qi shi san

qi shi si

qi shi wu

qi shi liu

qi shi qi

qi shi ba

qi shi jiu

ba shi

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

ba shi yi

ba shi er

ba shi san

ba shi si

ba shi wu

ba shi liu

ba shi qi

ba shi ba

ba shi jiu

jiu shi

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

jiu shi yi

jiu shi er

jiu shi san

jiu shi si

jiu shi wu

jiu shi liu

jiu shi qi

jiu shi ba

jiu shi jui

yi bai

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Rules on Numbers: 1. er and liang (number 2) •

When counting numbers without a measure word or classifier, the number “2” is always read as er.

•

When the number “2’ is preceded by a number or numbers (e.g. 12, 22, 32, 42, etc.), it is always read as er.

•

In all other cases, when the number “2” comes before measure word or classifier, it is read as liang (e.g. liang ge jie jie or 2 elder sisters or liang ben bu zi meaning 2 notebooks).

•

When the number “2” comes before [bai- hundred], [qian-thousand], or [wan-the thousand], the number “2” may either be read as [er] or [liang]. For example: 200 is read either as [er bai] or [liang bai]; 2000 is read as [er qian] or [liang qian] and 20000 is [er wan] or [liang wan].

2. shi yi to shi jiu (11 to 19) •

when the numbers 11 – 19 [shi yi –shi jiu] appear after a number or numbers, add “yi” before shi yi to shi jiu. For example: 511 is translated as wu bai yi shi yi; 917 is jiu bai yi shi qi; and 8413 is ba qian si bai yi shi san.

3. The numbers 10,000 and above are counted in terms of the number (wan) or ten thousands, followed by the number of thousands, the number of hundreds, the number of tens, and the number of ones. 4. In some circumstances, numbers are read as individual numbers. Phone numbers, bus numbers, room numbers, house numbers, licenses, passports, etc., numbers are read individually. 5. The number 1 in the phone number, street number, house number, room number, etc. is read as “yao” or “yi”. The mobile phone number 09173146988 is read as ling jiu yao qi san yao si liu jiu ba ba. 6. Rules to follow in numbers with zero: •

Zero is [ling] in Chinese. When zero occupies the tens or hundreds place, one must read out the [ling] (e.g. 409 is read [si bai ling jiu], 2048 is read as [er qian ling sishi ba]).

•

In a 5-digit number, zero [ling] is not read out when it occupies the thousands place or the place of [qian] e.g. 50762 is read [wu wan qi bai liu shi er].

•

In a number such as 50062, zero is read out when it occupies the hundreds place. Therefore, it is read as [wu wan ling liu shi er].

•

When there are two or more zeros written successively in a big number, one reads out the zero [ling] only once (e.g. 3000070 is read as san bai wan ling qi shi).

•

The number zero written at the end of a given number is not read out (e.g. 450 is read as si bai wu shi).

•

Every zero is read out in every given serial number, room number, phone number, house number, bus number, etc. (700110 is read as qi ling ling yao yao ling).

Important Note: Numbers in Chinese are constructed as they are in English as illustrated below. Ten Thousands

Thousands

1. 875 2. 6934

Hundreds

Tens

Ones

ba bai

qi shi

wu

liu qian

jiu bai

san shi

si

3. 43718

si wan

san qian

qi bai

yi shi

ba

4. 951526

jiu shi wu wan

yi qian

wu bai

er shi

liu

5. 3456789

san bai si shi wu wan

liu qian

qi bai

ba shi

jiu

6. 28765452

er qian ba bai qi shi liu wan

wu qian

si bai

wu shi

er

II.

ORDINAL NUMBERS §

To form ordinal numbers, the prefix [di] is placed before the numerals. 1. 1st is translated as [di yi] 2. 2nd is [di er] 3. 3rd [di san] 4. 4th [di si] 5. 16th [di shi liu] 6. 25th [di er shi wu] 7. 80th [di ba shi] 8. 100th [di yi bai] 9. 104th [di yi bai ling si] 10. 1000th [di yi qian]

§ III.

Numerals can be placed directly before nouns to act as ordinal numbers. For example, 3rd floor is translated as [san lao] or second brother is [er ge]. DECIMAL NUMBERS

§

Decimals are shown by the formula [____ dian ____]. The number before [dian] is the whole number and the number or numbers after [dian] are the decimal places.

§

If a number starts with the decimal point, the number may be read as ‘ling dian or dian (e.g. 0.75 is read as ling dian qi wu or dian qi wu).

§

In decimal fractions, the number “2” is always read as “er” and not “liang”.

Examples: 1. 0.6 (ling dian liu) 2. 2.1819 (er dian yi ba yi jiu) 3. 45.75 (si shi wu dian qi wu) 4. 30.76 (san shi dian qi liu) 5. 75. 399 (qi shi wu dian san jiu jiu) 6. 347.25 (san bai si shi qi dian er wu) 7. ling dian ling san (0.03) 8. yi dian ling ling ba (1.008) 9. er dian er er (2.22) 10. yi bai dian yi ling ling (100.100)

IV.

FRACTIONS §

To indicate fractions, the formula [__ fen zhi __] is used. The denominator is placed before the numerator.

Examples: 1. 2/3 [san fen zhi er] 2. 60/100 [bai fen zhi liu shi] 3. 1/1000 [qian fen zhi yi] 4. 7/10 [shi fen zhi qi] 5. 1/3 [san fen zhi yi]

V.

PERCENTAGES

1. 5% [bai fen zhi wu] 2. 10% [bai fen zhi shi] 3. 55% [ bai fen zhi wu shi wu] 4. 83% [bai fen zhi ba shi san] 5. 100% [bai fen zhi yi bai]

VI.

ASKING PERCENTAGES AND FRACTIONS

The question words “duo shao” and “ji” are the question words used if one asks about the value of a percent or fraction. The interrogative pronoun “ji” is used when asking a number less than ten whereas “duo shao” is used if a number greater than ten is asked. To reply, a number is used to substitute a question.

VII.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS

A. Percentages 1. What percent? Answer: 90%

bai fen zhi duo shao? bai fen zhi jiu shi

2. What percent? Answer: 38%

bai fen zhi duo shao? bai fen zhi san shi ba

3. What percent? Answer: 5%

bai fen zhi ji? bai fen zhi wu

B. Fractions 1. How many eights? Answer: three eights (3/8)

ba fen zhi ji? ba fen zhi san

2. How many thirds? Answer: 2/3

san fen zhi ji? san fen zhi er

3. How many tenths? Answer: 1/10

shi fen zhi yi? shi fen zhi yi

4. How many hundredth? Answer: 75/100

bai fen zhi duo shao? bai fen zhi qi shi wu

C. Approximate Numbers §

The word “duo” is added after shi, bai, qian, wan, etc. to indicate that the number is bigger than the given one such that more than 30 is san shi duo, more than 1000 is yi qian duo, more than 100 is yi bai duo and more than 50 pesos is wu shi duo kuai qian.

§

The word “cha bu duo” is placed before the number to indicate that a value is near but less than the given number such that almost 100 years old is cha bu duo yi bai sui and almost 50 pesos is cha bu duo wu shi kuai qian.

§

The word “yi shang” is placed after a number to indicate that a value is equal to or greater than the given number such that 20 or more is er shi yi shang and 80 or more is ba shi yi shang.

§

The word “yi xia” is placed after a number to show that the value is equal to or less than the given number such that 20 or less is er shi yi xia and 80 or less is ba shi yi xia....