Macromolecules - Lecture notes 4 & 5 PDF

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Atoms: molecules Macromolecules - neutrons: 0 charge, in nucleus - protons: + charge, in nucleus - electrons: - charge, valence shell gives atom its properties

Bonds - covalent bonds: stable, share electrons, want to fill valence shell - Polar covalent: different electronegativity, electrons not shared equally (H2O) - non-polar covalent: electrons are shared equally, same elements - ionic bonds: elements with + and – charges - hydrogen bonds: between polar molecules (2 h2o molecules bonding, DNA strands), common type of bonding

Macromolecules -Form polymers - Sucrose is a disaccharide - cellulose, starch & glycogen are polysaccharides - primary protein structure: a string of 20 amino acids - Secondary = beta pleated sheets and alpha helix - Tertiary = 3D structure - Quaternary structure: complex, between multiple polypeptide chains - these structures give proteins their functions - Temp, pH, high salt concentration, and alcohol degenerates’ proteins - Lipids: hydrophobic (phospholipids, fat) - Nucleic acids are polymers - Nucleotides make up DNA and RNA - DNA stores info in cell, how to build proteins - ATP is a nucleotide, energy currency of cell, helps make RNA

Enzymes : chemical reactions

- Catalysis: speeds up chem reaction by reducing activation energy - Anabolic: builds up larger molecules - Catabolic: breaks up molecules (digestion) - Active site: where substate binds to - Substrate: where enzyme fits into - Specificity: only specific enzymes may bind to specific substrates

Organelles: structure/function - Nucleus: found in eukaryotic cells, stores DNA, control center - Smooth ER: makes lipids, stores Ca+ in muscles - Rough ER: contains ribosomes for protein synthesis, proteins are secreted or end up in cell membrane - Golgi apparatus: post office of cell”, receives + modifies proteins, sorts them, then packages them, can create lysosomes - Mitochondria: double membrane, smooth outer membrane, cristae folds found in inner membrane that increase surface area for cellular respiration, contains ribosomes Lysosome: helps with immunity

Transport - Diffusion: effected by size and temp (increases rate) - Hypertonic: high salt concentration inside of cell - isotonic: same concentration inside and outside of cell, preferred environment - hypotonic: low solute concentration inside cell - crenation: shell shrinks in hypertonic solution - lysis: cell bursts - osmosis: semi permeable membrane in diffusion - active transport: requires energy, low to high concentration - passive transport: no energy required, high to low concentration

DNA to RNA to Protein - transcription: DNA to RNA - translation RNA to protein - Gene: provides information to build a protein

- base pairing rules: between T A C G & U, A codes for U, no T in RNA - codon; 3 nucleotides in RNA, triplet codon, codes for 20 amino acids - mitosis stages: in eukaryotic cells, separates dna

Cellular respiration - glycolysis: 1 glucose to 2 pyruvates, occurs outside mitochondria - Krebs cycle: matrix of mitochondria, strips pyruvates - electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation, nadh used, energy creates protein gradient, hydrogen ions pumped out and into intermembrane space, makes most ATP, chemiosmosis makes the atp when flowing back into membrane

epithelial, squamous, stratified connective, blood bone areolar reticular muscle nervous integumentary layers, superficial epithelium epidermis and demis, know epidermis layers(5) bone structure, diaphysis, piphysis spongy trabeculae compact osteon is basic unit joints structure = fibrous, cartilage, synovial. Function based on movement = synarhrosos no movement amphiarthrosis little movement diarthrosis independent bons highly moveable, synovial = diarthrosis/freely moveable

muscle cell function struvtures sarcomere basic unit of contaction slow twitch posture, aerobic resiration fast twitch sprinting, glycolysis/lactic acid isometric no movement when contracting muscle isotonic, involves movement resting potential, -70mv, polarized, closer to 0 = depolarization, opposite is hyperpolarizatiom stimuli graded potential summation threshold, -55 or higher action potential, nerve impulse moving ap synapse junction between gland cell or another neuron neurotransmitter goes across synaptic clept to another cell spinal cord reflexes/arc carries sesory up motor down from brain brainstem 3 parts, basal functions aka respiratory rate cerebellum balance and coordination of muscles, proprioception, how gravity works on body thalaus, lower levels of consciousness, acts as filter of info hypothalamus homeostasis, nervous and endocrine stsytems cerebrum personality traits somatic, extranal stimuli, skeletal muscles, conciuos control ANS, internal, bp, electrolyte balance, motor info, digestion SNS fight/flight, shunts blood to musckles pupild dialate PNS rest/digest, complete opposite of sns...