Lessons 3 (Types of Paragraphs) PDF

Preview

Summary

Ms. Ivy...

Description

1. PRELIM COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVES (CILOS) A2 Familiarize with the different parts of the paragraph and its text structure B1 Classify the various kinds of paragraph according to tone, mood and purpose.

1. Exposition Exposition conveys information and explanation, oral or written. Information transmits facts, ideas, news items; explanation establishes the causal relationships of facts, ideas, and happenings. There are three kinds of exposition, they are: a. Historical- such as those found in textbooks, annuals, records, memoirs, biographies, autobiographies. b. Journalistic- such as those featured in newspaper reports, weekly and monthly publications. c. Scientific- the main source of which is knowledge, which includes official and critical papers. 1 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

The expository composition is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished through comparison and contrast, definition, example, the analysis of cause and effect, etc. In an expository essay the writer assumes an objective to share a body of knowledge and acquaint the reader with the subject through explaining certain points or exploring certain ideas. 2. Argumentation Argumentation is one of the means by which the democratic processes are practiced in the world today. This discourse often refers to the open public discussion called debate, formal or informal, usually oral though sometimes written, between two persons or groups, holding opposite sides—the affirmative and negative. This composition is developed through an appeal to conviction, reason, or emotion, or through persuasion for the purpose of influencing the belief of the reader or listener to be in conformity with that of the writer or speaker. 3. Description This kind of discourse deals with concrete experiences. Description aims to make something visible to the reader through the medium of words. It is a genre of composition that asks the writer to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages one’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. What is more, this genre allows for a great deal of artistic freedom (the goal of which is to paint an image that is vivid and moving in the mind of the reader). 4. Narration The major objective of a narrative composition is to tell a story. All narrative compositions start out defining character, setting and action in the very beginning. Then the action reaches culmination in the middle of the essay and is resolved by the end of the story. This type of composition can be used when a writer needs to tell a story, present an account of personal or fictional adventures or describe events. A well written narrative essay is creative and insightful. Various literary tools such as humor, suspense or fantasy are often utilized to make an effective presentation. The writer has to find a way to involve the reader in the story rather than simply telling the story. The details must be paid special attention to because they play a critical role in establishing a link between the reader and the story being told by the writer. The narrative discourse may be classified as follows: a. Historical – the purpose of which is to inform and explain. b. Literary- the purpose of which is to amuse or entertain.

2 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Strategies for Paragraph Development (Text Structure)

3 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

4 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

CLASSIFICATION  Putting things into groups allows the writer to divide a large topic into smaller parts. This makes the topic easier to write about and helps the readers to understand better.  The reason or guideline used to making the grouping is called a principle of classification For example… •

What are some other ways to classify students in our class.

 Students can be classified according to According to nationality 1. ______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________

Three Kinds of Book Owners There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best sellers-unread, untouched. The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance. The third has a few books or many--every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled from front to back. Thus, one thing is for sure, these three kinds of book owners definitely love books.

5 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

NAME: ______________________________________________________________________BH___________________________ Classify the students at AMAIUB according to their courses.

Write 1 topic sentence that states the particular element you are classifying and include 3 sub-categories of that element. Write 1 sentence that explains your first subcategory. Write 1-2 sentences that illustrate your first subcategory, such as an example. Using a transitional phrase, write 1 sentence that explains your second subcategory.

Write 1-2 sentences that provide an example of your second category.

Using another transitional phrase, write 1 sentence that explains your third subcategory. Write 1-2 sentences that demonstrate your explanation of your this subcategory.

6 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Write 1 closing sentence that seals off your paragraph.

Example Spatial Order 7 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Entering City Hall is like traveling in a time machine. Outside, the century-old marble steps and columns greet you like an ancient caretaker. But once inside the majestic doors, you are met by clicking typewriters and beeping computers.

Transitional Devices for Spatial Order

Sample Paragraph The pantry contains many different kinds of food placed on shelves. There is sugar and salt. Of course there are many canned goods, bottled water, and juices. Dried pasta is present as well as jars of pasta sauce. Of course there also are other things like muffins and other treats inside. Most of this food is placed on numerous shelves, but some of it is sitting on the floor.

Revised Paragraph  After opening the door to the pantry, which measures five feet by five feet, there are five shelves spaced evenly apart, one above the other. On the lowest shelf, heavier items have been placed. The sugar is to the left, and the flour is situated to the right of it. On the next shelf up there are many canned goods which cover that entire shelf. On the next shelf above that, many different varieties of bottled water and juices are present. The next shelf up contains assorted types of dried pasta which are stacked in rows next to each other. On the shelf above the pasta are jars of pasta sauce pushed to the left of the shelf. On that same

8 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

shelf are foods like muffins and other treats. There are also some larger bottles of water sitting on the floor under the lowest shelf.

Writing a Paragraph Using Order of Importance  In writing, people often use listing signals or signal words to indicate the various items/things in the paragraph.  Examples: Listing Signals / Signal Words  First  First of all

second third

 For one thing

also

 One reason that

in addition

moreover most importantly for example finally

9 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

 EQUAL ORDER  If we feel that all the points we are using as support are equally important, so we list the points one by one using listing signals.

 Read the model paragraph:

 There are several things you can do to protect yourself when it gets very hot outside. First of all you should avoid strenuous activity or wait until the sun goes down. In addition, it is a good idea to wear light-colored clothing. And it is also important to eat less food and drink more liquids. Finally, try to stay in air-conditioned buildings or go to the beach or the mountains.

 ASCENDING ORDER  In Ascending order, we list the minor points first, saving the most important for the last, so the paragraph would have a kind of ‘dramatic structure’. It builds up to or ascends to a climax.

 Read the model paragraph:  There are many box office movies made by movie industries in Hollywood every year. But only great motion pictures are nominated to win the prestigious awards such as Emmy Award, Golden Globe even Academy Award. Among those award winning movies, there are three genres of movies I like. The first genre is musical. It was represented by a beautiful classical movie The Sound of Music which was produced in 1964 and it was based on a real story about The Von Trapp family. The next genre is action which is a good recommendation for those who like to pump up their adrenaline. Action movies like Saving Private Ryan and The Pacific could be the best choices for spending the weekend. And last but definitely not least, my most favorite movie genre is drama and the best movie goes to Tootsie, a 1980s movie which was played by a famous actor Dustin Hoffman.

10 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

 DESCENDING ORDER  In descending order, we list the most important first then we go on to speak of the other points. So, descending order is the inverse of ascending order. (don’t forget to use the listing signals)

Read the model paragraph: Religions have become the most essential thing of human rights. However, there are five major religions that spread around the globe since ancient to modern times. First, the religion with the most numerous believers is Christianity. It has 954,766,700 believers which are globally spread from east to west. The base of Christianity is the teachings of Jesus Christ which was called The New Testament. The second religion with 538,213,900 believers is Islam. It was spread from Morocco, Middle East countries to Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia and Pakistan. The base of Islamic belief is the teachings of Prophet Muhammad and Holy Quran. Another religion with 524,273,050 believers is Hinduism. It was introduced in India about 3000 years ago based on The Vedas, the holy book of Hindu followers. The next is Buddhism which was introduced by Sidharta Gautama through his teachings in The Eightfold Way. It is held by 249,877,300 and spread in the east to Europe and United States. The last religion with its 14,353,790 believers is Judaism. It is spread widely and it was descended from Israel’s tradition.

11 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Climactic Order

12 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Example of Comparison and Contrast  tell what is the same about two or more things  tell what is the same about two or more things Eating Habits of Some of my Friends There are several ways I can refer to the eating habits of some of my friends in Canada and in Brazil. Based on my observations, Canadians love meat and potatoes; however, Brazilians prefer rice and beans. Unlike Americans who favour apple pie for dessert, both Canadians and Brazilians seem to prefer crème brulee and crème caramel. In sum, these are some of the many ways I can state some differences and similarities of the eating habits of some of my friends from Brazil and from Canada.

13 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

Name: ___________________________________________________ BH ____________________ 1. Read each passage. 2. Determine how the text is organized: cause and effect, compare and contrast, chronological order, sequence / process writing, problem and solution, or spatial / descriptive. 3. Write your answer. Popular Sports Football and baseball are two of the most popular sports in the country. They have many things in common. For one, they are both team sports, and they both require players to advance to an end or “home” point on the playing field. However, football requires players to carry the ball to the end zone, whereas in baseball, it is the defending team that controls the ball while it is in play. The Magic Blanket One day while walking home from school, he found a magic blanket. When he covered himself with it, he turned invisible. At first he used his power to play all kinds of tricks on people. He’d turn invisible and hide things, or move a cup when someone was pouring juice to make a mess. He had a lot of fun. But then one day, he found that he couldn’t take the blanket off. He was just stuck invisible. He quit playing tricks on people, hoping that he’d be able to take the blanket off and rejoin society, but it didn’t work. He is still invisible somewhere right now, and he is very lonely. Studying for a Test Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. The first thing that you must do is take out your notes. Open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your notebook. When you are done, close your notebook and see if you remember the ideas that you were studying. Still don’t remember? Open your notebook back up a try again. Low Test Scores Many students have been getting low scores on tests and this is upsetting to parents, teachers, and students. Low test scores show that teachers aren’t teaching effectively or that students aren’t learning. Either way it’s an issue with which we are concerned. I propose the following: any teacher who is giving a test should open up their classroom for study groups the night and morning before the test. Maybe by giving students extra opportunities to study, we can improve students’ test scores. Peanut Butter and Jelly

14 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

After a long day at school, I came home and watched “Cops,” my favorite show. During the commercial breaks, I got up and made a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. I took the bread out of the cabinet, spread the jelly and peanut butter on the bread, and stuck the two pieces together. I enjoyed that sandwich as I watched the rest of “Cops.”

The Gym Room The gym room at the high school down the street from me is huge. Along the North and South walls are bleachers that fold up during gym. Coach pulls the bleachers out for big games. At the end of the East and West walls are basketball hoops. The ceilings are very high and at the top of the gym are many large windows. The windows go all the way around the gym. There are also ropes that are either tucked away or hang from the ceilings in the middle of the gym. The ropes intimidate some students. That gym is my favorite place. Eligibility Being involved in after school sports and clubs is not a right. It is a privilege. Therefore, students have to meet eligibility requirements. If students have any “D”s or “F”s, they are not allowed to play. Also, if students have behavior issues in class, they cannot be on the team or in the club. Lastly, students need to keep good attendance. If students miss school, they most certainly cannot come to practice. Being on a team is a lot of responsibility. If students are not proving to be responsible, they will not be permitted to be in clubs or teams.

15 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez

To Check 1. Compare and contrast 2. Chronological 3. Sequence or process writing 4. Problem and solution 5. Chronological 6. Spatial / descriptive writing 7. Cause and effect

16 Prepared by: Dr. Suzette F. Valdez...