Ling 2000 Fall19 HW4 - Linguistics Homework 4 - ADRICULA PDF

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Linguistics Homework 4 - ADRICULA...

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Ling 2000: Introduction to Linguistics Fall 2019 Updated 9/23/19 Homework #4: Phonology & Morphology, 62pts total Due: Monday, Sept. 30 at 2:59pm on Canvas

Part 1. Phonology Practice Data Set 1: Standard Italian (20pts total) (from http://sites.middlebury.edu/linguistics101/files/2012/10/class9_phonology.pdf) Consider the following data from Standard Italian, an Indo-European language of the Romance family, spoken in Italy. Answer the questions that follow. a. b. c. d. e. f.

[tɪnta] [tɛnda] [dantsa] [neɾo] [d ʒɛnte] [sapone]

‘dye’ ‘tent’ ‘dance’ ‘black’ ‘people’ ‘soap’

g. h. i. j. k. l.

[tiŋgo] [teŋgo] [fuŋgo] [bjaŋka] [aŋke] [faŋgo]

‘I dye’ ‘I keep’ ‘mushroom’ ‘white’ ‘also’ ‘mud’

1. Are there any minimal pairs? If so, what are they, and what can you conclude to be true of Italian from those minimal pairs? (5pts) Yes, they’re [tiŋgo] and [tengo]. In Italian, “engmas” typically occur word-medially.

2. State the phonetic environments in which the sounds [n] and [ŋ] appear. Identify any general patterns to the sounds that appear in the environments you’ve provided (you can make an exhaustive list if you find it’s helpful to identify the general patterns, but you must identify the general pattern) (4pts) [n] [ŋ ]

ɪ_t ɛ_d ɑ_t #_ɾ ɛ_t o_e

i_g e_g u_g ɑ_k a_g

The /n/ is a phoneme, and the [ŋ] is an allophone of that phoneme. The velar sounds (nasal and plosive) are found before volar consonants.

3. Given what you know about the distribution of sounds and the environments you listed in (2), are [n] and [ŋ] in complementary or contrastive distribution? Please explain your answer. (5pts) They are complementary because [n] and [ŋ] don’t occur in the same environment, or overlap in the list of word examples.

4. Given the environments you’ve identified, what phoneme might you posit that undergoes the sound change? That is, what is your elsewhere case? (2pts) /n/ phoneme, because it’s the “more general form” This is the “elsewhere” case.

5. Write a phonological rule for the distribution of [n] and [ŋ]. Provide both the prose and phonological rule notation. (4pts) /n/ -> [ŋ] / __velar C. “Nasal [n] is voiced like engma before velar consonants.”

Data Set 2: Sindhi (14pts total) (from http://sites.middlebury.edu/linguistics101/files/2012/10/class9_phonology.pdf) The following data are from Sindhi, an Indo-European language of the Indo-Aryan family, spoken in Pakistan and India. Examine the distribution of the phones [p], [pʰ], and [b]. a. b. c. d. e. f.

[pənu] [vədʒu] [ʃeki] [gədo] [dəru] [pʰənu]

‘leaf’ ‘opportunity’ ‘suspicious’ ‘dull’ ‘door’ ‘hood of snake’

g. h. i. j. k. l.

[təru] [kʰəto] [bədʒu] [bənu] [bət ʃu] [dʒədʒu]

‘bottom’ ‘sour’ ‘run’ ‘forest’ ‘be safe’ ‘judge’

6. Determine if [p], [pʰ], and [b] are allophones of separate phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme. Are there any minimal pairs for these sounds? If so, what are they, and what can you conclude to be true of Sindhi from those minimal pairs? (5pts) [p], [ph], and [b] are entirely different phonemes in contrastive distribution. The minimal pairs occur in [pənu] and [bənu], [vədʒu] and [bədʒu], [dəru] and [təru], [phənu] and [bənu], and [pənu] and [phənu]. You can conclude that many sounds and words in Sindhi occur in contrastive distribution, as indicative in this data set, and that, therefore, many of the allophones in this language belong to separate phonemes.

7. State the phonetic environments in which the sounds [p], [pʰ], and [b] appear. (Note: since there are very few examples for these sounds, it’ll be hard to identify general patterns. You may just state what the phonetic environments are) (4pts) [p] [ph] [b] #_ ə #_ ə #_ ə Word-initial comes before schwa. It’s the same environment in all three sounds.

8. Given what you know about the distribution of sounds and the environments you listed in (6) and (7), how does the distribution of these sounds compare to the distribution in English (as detailed in lecture)? (5pts) The distribution of these sounds in English is different than the distribution of these sounds in Sindhi. In English, for example, [p h] and [p] are allophones of the same phoneme, /p/. In Sindhi, however, /p/, /ph/, and /b/ are entirely different phonemes.

Part 2. Morphology (28pts total) Based on Wednesday’s lecture (Sept. 25) and Finegan chapter 2, pp.40-52, answer the following questions. (For T/F questions, please underline your answer) 1. A __morpheme___is a minimal linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function associated with it. (1pt) 2. ____Unbound__ morphemes are those that can occur as independent words, e.g. car, house, for. (1pt) 3. True or False Bound morphemes can derive different words from existing morphemes; for example, un- (untrue), dis- (displease), and -ment (commitment). (1pt) 4. True or False In words consisting of more than one morpheme, the morphemes have linear order, but always lack hierarchical structure. (1pt) 5. What is the mental lexicon? (2pts) The brain’s “dictionary,” for children and adults, which stores any information related to sounds, meanings, related words, and use in sentences.

6. Many bound morphemes are affixes that are attached to the root. Name and define four kinds of affixes: (4pts) Prefix: come before word root (i.e. re-do, re-order, etc.) Suffix: come after word root (i.e. walk-ed, cat-s, whisper-s)

Infix: come inside word root (i.e. gulay -> g-in-ulay) Circumfix: go around a root (i.e. fe-finau-a’i)

7. Break up the following words into their morphemes: (2pts each, 18pts total) a. Disqualify: Dis-qual-ify b. Appearance: Appear-ance c. Uproot: Up-root d. Enforcement: En-force-ment e. Brightness: Bright-ness f. Unworthy: Un-worth-y g. Disgraceful: Dis-grace-ful h. Preheat: Pre-heat i. Recapitalize: re-capital-ize...