Long term memory PDF

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Summary

Notes on memory for Psychology 100 for Sherry Span....

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C.C. & Stimulus Generalization in clip: 

Little Albert - classically conditioned to fear the rat due to the pairing with the loud noise, but S.G caused him to fear anything fuzzy.

Encoding: ways to get info into long term memory. Ways to Improve Encoding 

Attention: paying attention to what it is you want to be learning, distractions INTERFERE. o giving your UNDIVIDED ATTENTION o for example:

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Emotional arousal: emotion within normal limits, not extreme fear. Vivid recollection of thoughts that were unusually vivid due to it being meaningful. o Flashbulb memory supports that long term memory may be permanent, but how accurate is this memory? WHO KNOWS. o for example:

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Repetition: repeating information help remember & put it into long term memory. o for example:

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Levels of Processing Principle: Writing is a deeper level, and making up examples. The deeper you process, the better chance it will be encoded. o for example:

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Encoding Specificity Principle: the associations made will be the best retrieval cue in the future. o for example:

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Mnemonic Devices: acronyms and others. o for example: ROY G BIV

Serial Position Effect: Where an item is in a list determines how well one will be able to remember it. (items in the beginning & end are easier) BEGINNING WORDS = Primacy Effect supports long term memory (remembered after bc repeated) ENDING WORDS = Regency Effect supports short term memory (remembered first bc fresh in mind)

Retrieval: (How to get info. out of Long Term memory?) CUES AID RECALL. The tip of the tongue phenomenon - temporary forgetting info.

Generating info. from one's memory = RECALL. Retrieval Cues? Like pictures to help recall info.

Example: Name the children in your 4th grade class. Can't remember, look at a picture.

Reinstating the context: putting the person back into their experience Like RAPE victims.

Other ways to test memory:   

Recognition = a choice between different options & you pick the correct one.(multiple choice) Savings (Relearning) = Memorize List 1, next day memorize List 2 & measure time. Relearn List 1 & measure time. Implicit Memory = When primed, one heard or experienced something but didn't pay attention to it. However, it can affect your memory in the future. Indirect influence.

Reconstructing Memories: The Misinformation Effect False Memories; we start with details we remember first & fill in the rest. No leading/suggestive questions that may distort testimony info.

The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

WHY WE FORGET? Retroactive Interference: currently learned info. ----interferes w/---> info. learned previously EX: learn to do something a new way & you can't go back to the previous way. 

Writing with my pencil in between my pointer & middle finger, then learning to write correctly, and now I go back am I'm like how did I ever write that way. Proactive Interference: info. learned previously ----interferes w/---> currently learned into. EX: learning to do something for so long & not being able to change the way.

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Used to writing with right hand & can't write with left hand bc always written w/right....