M10 OLET2601 Psychology Of Crime PDF

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OLET2601: Psychology Of Crime - Module 10Case 8: TerrorismAfter years of working in the homicide departmentDetective Cullen wanted a change, so he applied to join the counter-terrorism squad inthe police force. This group was a prestigious part of the police organisation and heavilyspecialised knowl...

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OLET2601: Psychology Of Crime - Module 10 Case 8: Terrorism After years of working in the homicide department Detective Cullen wanted a change, so he applied to join the counter-terrorism squad in the police force. This group was a prestigious part of the police organisation and heavily specialised knowledge was required. This meant Detective Cullen needed to hit the books. An intense training course was employed to ensure the new detectives would be able to make a valuable contribution to the squad. One part of the course focussed on case studies. Detective Cullen was given a file compiled of various cases of terrorism and was asked to carefully read through and assess/determine what they had in common, how they differed and what we can learn about the perpetrators. He was expected to learn how to identify, classify and assess risk of terrorism. Moreover, Detective Cullen was told to be careful because sometimes cases might look like acts of terrorism, while they are not. One part of his assessment would be to classify the various files according to whether they were terrorism related incidents or not. He read up on terrorism, so that he could have a better understanding about what terrorism is. Reading ● Idea that force or threat of force is being used in a political way in order to bring about social and political change → no universal agreement on which groups are terrorist and which are not ● Growing evidence to suggest terrorists are the product of certain cognitive and social processes which are important parts of the pathway to committing acts of extreme violence

Terrorism ● Generally understood to be the use of violence and intimidation to disrupt or coerce a government and/or identifiable community ● Terrorism has traditionally been distinguised from routine criminal violence because it is driven by a particular political and/or religious motive ● Nature of terrorism has changed in the latter part of the 20th century ○ Increasingly religious fundamentalists began to employ the terrorism of mass destruction ○ Previously terrorist groups showed concern not to alienate the public through the use of indiscriminate, excessive mass violence ○ Growth of suicide-terrorism

The consequences of terrorism Terrorists incidents can have profound effects on members of the public ● DiMaggio and Galea (2006) describe results of a meta-analysis of the aftermaths of terrorist incidents such as 9/11 and the 2005 London tube bombings ○ Rate of PTSD in directly affected populations was between 12-16% Gabriel et al (2007) studied the aftermath of the Spanish terrorist attacks on three different groups of people ● Injured in blasts ● Residents of local area ● Police officers involved ● Used mini international neuropsychiatric interview (used to assess major depression, panic disorder, social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder and agoraphobia) ● Davidson trauma scale → assess mental health ○ Group of injured commuters showed greatest evidence of current mental disorders when interviewed after the attack (58%) ○ Local area group 26% showed signs of a current mental disorder ○ Only 4% of police officer group showed mental health problems ● PTSD most common category of mental disorder manifested by the injured group 44% ○ 12% for local group ○ 1% for police ● Extent of comorbidity (co-occurrence) of two or more mental disorders ● 53% of the injured group showed this compared with only 22% of the local group ● Impact of direct victimization on mental health of victims DiMaggio, Galea and Richardson (2007) 9/11 impact on mental health ● Impact of terrorist attacks would vary according to distance people lived from terrorist incident ● Prior to the terrorist attacks after 9/11 10% more behavioural and mental health diagnoses at hospital emergency departments ○ Increases were strongest in areas closest to the 9/11 attacks Is there a terrorist personality or profile? ● No such thing as a terrorist personality ● Mental abnormality is not an important consideration when trying to understand terrorist attackers ● Maghan (1998) suggested terrorists range through all character types from self-doubting wretch to those haunted by indescribable demons Page 5 ● Silke 1998 ● Ruby 2002

● Borum 2004 ● Perina 2002 Page 6 ● Social psychological research ● Rationality and irrationality ● Milgran (1974) ● Taylor and Quayle (1994) ● Psychopathy is characteristic ● Borum (2004) ● Psychopathology and antisocial personality disorders ● Silke (2003) Page 7 ● Counter-rettorism work ● Russell and Miller (1977) ● Typical terrorist ● Extreme political ideology ● Luckabaugh et al 1997 ● Psychological motivations of terrorist recruits ● Childhood abuse, trauma, perceived injustice ● Borum 2004 ● Merari 2007 Page 8 ● Merari 2007 ● Stages of indoctrination ○ Indoctrination ○ Group commitment ○ Personal commitment ● Horgan and Taylor’s 2001 ● Taylor and Louis 2004 ● Borum 2004 - life experiences Page 9 ● Soibelman 2004 ● Sarangi and Alison 2005

Page 10 ● Rhetorical structures ○ Images of self (us) ○ Significant others (interpersonal figures) ○ Visions of the future (generativity script) ● McAdams 1990 concept Page 11 ● Borum 2004 ● Understanding terrorists ● Atran 2003 ● Bandura 1990 ○ Techniques of moral disengagement ● Beck 2002 ○ Cognitive distortions Case 8: Terrorism: The Christchurch Shooting The gunman began shooting worshippers at the Al Noor Mosque, Riccarton, at around 1:40 pm. Police received the first emergency call at 1:41 pm. Between three hundred and five hundred people may have been inside the mosque attending Friday Prayer at the time of the shooting. A neighbour of the mosque told reporters he saw the gunman flee and drop what appeared to be a firearm in the driveway. The gunman live-streamed the first 17 minutes of this attack on Facebook Live, starting with the drive to the mosque and ending with the drive away. Moments before the shooting, he played several songs including "The British Grenadiers", a traditional British military marching song, and "Serbia Strong", a Serb nationalist song celebrating Radovan Karadžić, who was found guilty of genocide against Bosnian Muslims. One witness said the gunman continued to play "military music" from a portable speaker inside the mosque. Just before the shooting, the gunman appeared to be greeted by

one of the worshippers, who said "Hello, brother" and was among the first people to be killed. The gunman spent several minutes inside the mosque, shooting attendees indiscriminately. He killed three people near the entrance and many others inside a larger room. During the attack, a worshipper, Naeem Rashid, charged at him and was shot; he later died from his injuries. The gunman approached wounded victims, firing at them multiple times. He soon left the mosque and fired at people outside. He then retrieved another weapon from his vehicle before returning to the mosque to kill more victims, many of whom were already wounded and unable to escape. He then exited the mosque again and killed a woman near the footpath as she pleaded for help. He left the scene shortly thereafter, in his car, to the music of "Fire" by The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, where the singer proclaims: "I am the god of hellfire!" He had spent about six minutes at the Al Noor Mosque. He shot other civilians in the area and drove away at high speed, heading in the direction of the Linwood Islamic Centre.

Linwood Islamic Centre A second attack began at about 1:55 pm at the Linwood Islamic Centre,[61][62] a mosque 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the Al Noor Mosque. According to a witness, the gunman initially did not find the mosque's main door, and shot people outside and through a window, alerting those inside. The mosque's acting imam credited a worshipper named Abdul Aziz Wahabzada with stopping the attack. Wahabzada told reporters he had taken a credit card reader and ran out of the mosque, by which time the attacker outside had already shot several people. The attacker was about to retrieve another gun from his car, so Wahabzada threw the reader at him. The gunman took a rifle from his car and fired at Wahabzada, who took cover among nearby cars and retrieved an empty shotgun the gunman had dropped. Despite Wahabzada's attempt to draw the attention of the gunman away from the mosque by shouting "I'm here!", the gunman entered the mosque and continued firing. When the gunman returned to his car again, Wahabzada threw the shotgun at the car, shattering one of its windows or its windscreen. The gunman then drove away.

The suspect Tarrant, the suspect, is allegedly the author of a 73-page manifesto titled "The Great Replacement", a reference to the "Great Replacement" and "white genocide" conspiracy theories. It said the attacks were planned two years prior, and that the location was selected three months prior. Minutes before the attacks began, the manifesto was emailed to more than 30 recipients, including the prime minister's office and several media outlets, and links were shared on Twitter and 8chan. In the manifesto several anti-immigrant sentiments are expressed, including hate speech against migrants, white supremacist rhetoric, and calls for all non-European

immigrants in Europe who are claimed to be "invading his land" to be removed. The manifesto displays neo-Nazi symbols such as the Black Sun and the Odin's cross. However, the author denies being a Nazi, describing himself instead as an ethno-nationalist, an "eco-fascist" and a "kebab removalist", in reference to a meme exalting the genocide of Bosnian Muslims by the Bosnian Serb army. The author says he supports American President Donald Trump as "a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose", but not as a leader or policy-maker. Case 8: Terrorism: The Orlando Night Club Shooting On June 11, 2016, Pulse, a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was hosting "Latin Night," a weekly Saturday night event drawing a primarily Hispanic crowd. About 320 people were inside the club, which was serving last call drinks at around 2:00 a.m. EDT on June 12. After arriving at the club by van, Omar Mateen approached the building on foot, armed with a SIG Sauer MCX semi-automatic rifle and a 9mm Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol. At 2:02 a.m., Officer Adam Gruler, a uniformed off-duty Orlando Police Department (OPD) officer working extra duty as a security guard, engaged Mateen. Mateen bypassed him into the building and began shooting patrons. Gruler called in a signal for assistance. When additional officers arrived at the nightclub beginning at 2:04 a.m., he shouted "[The gunman]'s in the patio!" and resumed firing at Mateen. Two officers joined Gruler in engaging Mateen, who then retreated farther into the nightclub and "began a 'hostage situation'".In the next 45 minutes, about 100 officers from the OPD and the Orange County Sheriff's Office were dispatched to the scene. During the shooting, some of the people who were trapped inside the club sought help by calling or sending text messages to friends and relatives. Initially, some of them thought the gunshots were firecrackers or part of the music. A recently discharged Marine veteran working as a nightclub bouncer immediately recognized the sounds as gunfire, which he described as "high calibre," and jumped over a locked door behind which dozens of people were hidden and paralyzed by fear, then opened a latched door behind them allowing approximately 70 people to escape. Many described a scene of panic and confusion caused by the loud music and darkness. One person shielded herself by hiding inside a bathroom and covering herself with bodies. A bartender said she took cover beneath the glass bar. At least one patron tried to help those who were hit. According to a man trapped inside a bathroom with fifteen other patrons, Mateen fired sixteen times into the bathroom, through the closed door, killing at least two and wounding several others. Two survivors quoted Mateen as saying, "I don't have a problem with black people",and that he "wouldn't stop his assault until America stopped bombing his country". Other survivors heard Mateen claim he had explosives as well as snipers stationed around the club. Patrons trapped inside called or texted 9-1-1 to warn of the possible presence of explosives.

Emergency response At 2:09 a.m., several minutes after gunfire began, the club posted on its Facebook page, "Everyone get out of pulse and keep running." At 2:22 a.m., Mateen placed a 9-1-1 call in which he mentioned the Boston Marathon bombers—Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev—as his "homeboys" and made a reference to Moner Mohammad Abu Salha, an American citizen who died in a suicide bombing in Syria in 2014. Mateen said he was inspired by Abu Salha's death for the Al-Nusra Front targeting Syrian government troops (a mutual enemy of the two Salafist groups, despite their history of violence with each other), and swore allegiance to ISIL leader al-Baghdadi. The FBI said that Mateen and Abu Salha had attended the same mosque and knew each other "casually". A survivor of the shooting recalled Mateen saying he wanted the United States to "stop bombing his country".The FBI said Mateen "told a negotiator to tell America to stop bombing Syria and Iraq and that was why he was 'out here right now'". Case 8: Terrorism: The Norway Attacks On 22 July 2011 at 15:25:22 (CEST) a bomb detonated in Regjeringskvartalet, central Oslo. The bomb was placed in a white Volkswagen Crafter and parked in front of the Office of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Justice and the Police, and several other governmental buildings. The Crafter was registered by surveillance cameras as entering Grubbegata from Grensen at 15:13:23. The van stopped at 15:13:43, 200 metres (660 ft) before the H block. It stood still with the hazard warning lamps on for 1 minute and 54 seconds. The driver then drove the last 200 metres and parked the van in front of the main entrance of the main government building. The van was parked at 15:16:30. The front door of the van opened 16 seconds later and after another 16 seconds the driver stepped out of the van. He stood outside the van for 7 seconds before he quickly walked away towards Hammersborg torg, where he had another car parked. The driver was dressed like a police officer and had a gun in his hand. A police helmet with a face shield was covering his face. The explosion started fires in the block, and the shock wave blew out the windows on all floors as well as in the VG house and other buildings on the other side of the square. The streets in the area were filled with glass and debris. A cloud of white smoke was reported as a fire continued to burn at the Department of Oil and Energy. The blast was heard at least 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) away. At 15:26 the police received the first message about the explosion, and at 15:28 the first police patrol reported arriving at the scene. At the same time, news agency NTB was told that the Prime Minister was unhurt and safe.

Following the explosion, police cleared the area and searched for any additional explosive devices. Through media outlets, police urged citizens to evacuate central Oslo. Police later announced that the bomb was composed of a mixture of fertilizer and fuel oil (ANFO), similar to that used in the Oklahoma City bombing. The blast was caught on many security cameras. Approximately one and a half hours after the Oslo explosion, Breivik, dressed in a police uniform and presenting himself as "Martin Nilsen" from the Oslo Police Department, boarded the ferry on a lake some 32 kilometres (20 mi) northwest of Oslo, to the island of Utøya, the location of the Norwegian Labour Party's AUF youth camp. The camp is organised there every summer and was attended by approximately 600 teenagers. When Breivik arrived on the island, he presented himself as a police officer who had come over for a routine check following the bombing in Oslo. He was met by Monica Bøsei, the camp leader and island hostess. Bøsei probably became suspicious and contacted Trond Berntsen, the security officer on the island, before Breivik killed them both. He then signalled and asked people to gather around him before pulling weapons and ammunition from a bag and firing indiscriminately, killing and wounding numerous people. He first shot people on the island and later started shooting at people who were trying to escape by swimming across the lake. Survivors on the island described a scene of terror. Survivor Dana Barzingi, then 21, described how several victims wounded by Breivik pretended to be dead, but he came back and shot them again. He spared an 11-year-old boy who had lost his father (Trond Berntsen) during the shooting and stood up against him and said he was too young to die, as well as a 22-year-old man who begged for his life. Some witnesses hid in undergrowth and lavatories, communicating by text message to avoid revealing their positions. The mass shooting lasted for around an hour and a half, ending when a police special task force arrived and Brevik surrendered, despite having ammunition left. The shooter used hollow-point or frangible bullets which increase tissue damage. Breivik repeatedly shouted "You are going to die today, Marxists!" Former prime minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, whom Breivik said he hated had been on the island earlier in the day to give a speech to the camp. After the attack Breivik stated that he originally wanted to target her specifically; but because of delays related to the renovation of Oslo Central railway station, he arrived after she had already left. During the attack, 69 people were killed, and of the 517 survivors,[114] 66 were wounded.[115]...