DEL Psychology and crime-1 PDF

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reality principle = conscious state secondary process thinking Freudian terms = superego ethical principle Unconscious state along with ID Freudian terms = Sublimation defence mechanism the psychological process where one item of consciousness comes to be symbolically substituted for another. negative drives are diverted to activities approved by the superego instead of stealing → go bunjee jumping = same adrelin Freudian term = Neurosis

in touch with reality but many find themselves anxious, fearful of certain situations, or unable to help themselves in others (compulsive behaviour).

Freudian term = Thanatos existence of a death instinct

Freudian explanation for delinquency

Human nature is inherently antisocial Id: infants start life with antisocial drives Superego: forms from experience Ego: helps to negotiate demands for instant gratification with acceptable behaviour

If ego didn't develop properly = negotiation is difficult Discuss the psychodynamic theory of criminal behaviour. Freud believed early childhood experiences left a mark on the individuals that was buried in the unconscious. in other words, the individual was not consciously aware of those experiences. Freud later categorised his conceptions of the conscious and unconscious into three categories- the id, ego and superego. Delinquent + criminal behaviour - faulty relationships in the family during the first years of life Faulty relationships = inadequate ego and superego development. Therefore impossible for the child to control later delinquent impulses

According Freud here are certain psychosexual stages of the basic human drive: during the oral stage, or the first year of the infant’s life, the child attains pleasure by sucking and biting. During the second or the third year of an infant’s life, the anal stage, the focus of sexual attention is on the elimination of bodily waste. In the phallic stage, which occurs around ages four and five, the child focuses attention on his or her genitals. Males begin to have sexual feelings for their mothers Oedipus complex) and girls develop feelings for their fathers Electra complex). The latency stage occurs at age six, during the first period feelings of sexuality are repressed until genital stage, which begins at puberty. The id, unlike the other two is viewed as a constant biological source of drives and urges, and it is similar in all individuals. Criminal behaviour bis dealt with through transference according to Feudians. Can become fixated on a certain stage The conscious state was called the ego, while the id and the superego were the two unconscious states. Explain conflicts between the id and the superego.  sublimination (negative drives are diverted to activities approved by the superego),

 repression (the drives are pushed back into the unconscious state in an effort to deny that they exist),  reaction formation (is a result of repression, in which a person acts out in extreme ways regarding a certain issue),  projection (individuals with repressed desires attribute those desires or behaviour to others, is also a response to repression). Discuss behavioural psychology and criminality. Behavioural theories maintain that human behaviour is developed through learning experiences. Behaviours are constantly being shaped by life experiences and can be reinforced by rewards or eradicated through punishment. constantly work in spce of reward and behvaiour. Pavlov’s experiment with dog salvation as an automatic response to the presence of food, showed that they could be conditioned to respond to other stimuli. This activity became known as classical conditioning, the process by which learned reaction becomes automatic and internalised. A more refined version of behavioural conditioning is operant conditioning, where the subject is active and learns how to get what it wants from the environment. watson and skinner. Some hold that a person’s learning and social experiences, coupled with his or her values and expectations, determine behaviour. Who are they modelling who are they being conditioned by ( environ)

Discuss social learning theory and criminality. Social learning theorists believe behaviour is learned through a process called behaviour modelling or imitation, and all behaviour is thought to be learned not innate, including criminal behaviour. rewards / prominent behavior of aggression by models = more aggressive behaviour. observational learning. The most prominent models are parents; since children are in close contact with their parents, they model, or imitate, what they see their parents do. If children grow up in a household where violence is a way of life, they may learn to believe that this behaviour is acceptable and rewarding. Punishing the child for these actions may seem unfair and result frustration. Adolescent

aggression stems from disrupted dependency relations with the parents. Social learning theories are also known as social psychological explanations. -insight and foresight what is the moral development theory Moral development theory and intellectual development theory are the perspectives thatare used to explain the behaviour of criminals. Peoples reasoning process develop in anorderly fashion, beginning at birth and continuing until they are twelve or older. At firstduring the sensory stage children respond to the environment, by seeking objects anddeveloping their reflexes. By the fourth and final stage, the formal operations stage, they have developed into mature adults who can use their logic and abstract thought. It ispossible that serious offenders have a moral orientation that differs from that law-abidingcitizens. what are the stage in the moral development theory and how it explain criminality

Stage 1 Right is obedience to power and avoidance of punishment. Stage 2 Right is taking responsibility for oneself, meeting one’s own needs, and leaving to others the responsibility for themselves. Stage 3 Right is being good in the sense of having good motives, concern for others, and “putting yourself in the other person’s shoes”. Stage 4 Right is maintaining the rules of society and serving the welfare of the group or society. Stage 5 Right is based on recognising individual rights within a society with agreed-upon rules, such as social contract. Stage 6 Right is an assume obligation to principles applying to all humankind, such as principles of justice, equality, and respect for human personality. Criminals are found to be significantly lower than non-criminals of the same social background in their moral judgement development. The majority of noncriminals were classified in stages 3 and 4, while the majority of criminals were in stage 1 and 2.

explain the cognitive scripts model In this model individuals are said to apply cognitive scripts developed from past experiencesto deal with new situations. New situations are interpreted in light of the cognitive scriptthat can be applied from memories and past behaviour. Behaviours deemed to be mostappropriate are applied, some are however not. Feedback used to develop new scripts. explain the hostile attribution theory This model not only attempts to explain why some people typically act aggressive but couldalso account for other criminal act that might result from biased personal perceptions ofsociety or specific social situations. Classes of individual might develop certain feelings ofhostility towards society or social events or other social groups. Criminal acts resulting frombiased personal perceptio/ns. Can be extended to social groups (ethnic minority). what role does expectations and expectancy play in the cognitive theory Behaviour depends on expectations (cognitions) and consequences (outcomes), includingthe reinforcement that will be gained from them. Criminals interpret situation and selectmost effective behaviour. When people act violently, they usually do so because thatapproach has been successful in the past Expectation and reward). in regards to the cognitive theory, what is frustration-induced criminality? When rewards for previous behaviour does not occur. Individuals react in a criminal mannerbecause their expectations of reward have not been met. This model can be used to explainhow a good-looking “ladies’ man” might react violently towards a woman when his advancesare rebuffed. what are situation instigators, in regards to the cognitive theory? Behaviour my be situational and the circumstances of the situation may override previouslydeveloped prohibitions. Classic study of authority as an instigator of deviant behaviourexemplifies the cognitive model. Deindividuation experiments were a series of studies thatdemonstrates the effects of situational instigators. Studies of situational instigatorsdemonstrate that circumstances/situations can alter behaviour. what role does personality play in the cognitive theory

Psychometry attempts to identify psychological and/or mental differences that might existbetween criminals and the law abiding. Personality can be defined as the reasonably stablepattern of behaviour, including thoughts and emotions, that distinguishes on person fromanother. Criminal personality traits (extroversion/introversion & stability/instability). Anumber of personality deficits have been identified in the criminal population. In regards to the cognitive theory, what role does psychopathology play? Psychopathic or sociopathic are terms often used interchangeably and patients do notrespond appropriately to treatment. Three categories: primary (emotional elements and infuture likely cognitive aspects), secondary and dissocial (recidivism). Distinct psychopathcharacteristics: friendly, outgoing, appear well educated and knowledgeable, display manyinterests. Often have a high IQ. o Psychopathology- antisocial personality disorder, anyone can display thesebehaviours and not just criminals. Discuss cognitive theory and criminal behaviour with reference to = paranoid exemplified by distrust in others, finding hidden meanings in benignremarks or actions and maintaining grudges. Discuss cognitive theory and criminal behaviour with reference to = schizoid demonstrated by feelings of detachment from others and the desire to bealone. Discuss cognitive theory and criminal behaviour with reference to = Schizopal o Schizotypal- may result in odd and eccentric behaviours accompanied by excessivesocial anxiety. Discuss cognitive theory and criminal behaviour with reference to = Borderline Borderline- may be exhibited through unstable and intense relationships, obsessionwith sex, excessive spending Discuss cognitive theory and criminal behaviour with reference to: = Histrionic .o Histrionic- often displayed by divas who have to be the centre of attention, whoengage in provocative or sexually seductive behaviour, who...