Psychology and work today PDF

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Schultz D. P. Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology Contents Preface xvii Part O n e The Practice of Industrial-Organizational Psychology 1 1 Principles, Practices, and Problems 3 Is Work a Four-Letter Word? 4 Newsbreak: Getting Engaged 6 Industrial-...

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Schultz D. P.

Part O n e 1

Psychology and work today : an introduction to industrial and organizational psychology Contents Preface xvii The Practice of Industrial-Organizational Psychology 1 Principles, Practices, and Problems 3 Is Work a Four-Letter Word? 4 Newsbreak: Getting Engaged

6

Industrial-Organizational Psychology on the Job

6

Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Everyday Life What I-0 Psychology Means to Your Employer

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The Scope and Historical Development of I-0 Psychology Pioneers in Personnel Selection 10 World War I and the Testing Movement 10 The Hawthorne Studies and Motivational Issues World War II and Engineering Psychology 12 Contemporary Developments in I-0 Psychology

11 12

Contemporary Challenges for l-O Psychology The Virtual Workplace 13 Virtual Employees 13 Worker Involvement 14 Newsbreak: Temporarily Yours 15 Changing Technology and Skills 15 Globalization of the Workplace 16 Newsbreak: What Jobs Will There Be for You? Diversity Issues 17

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l-O Psychology as a Career: Training and Employment Newsbreak: But What Can You Do with a B.A. in Psychology?

Problems for l-O Psychologists

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18 19

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Fraudulent Practitioners 21 Credentials and Certification 22 Communication with Management 22 Resistance to New Ideas 23 Research versus Application? 23

Areas of l-O Psychology Summary Key Terms

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26 27

V

Review Questions Additional Reading 2

27 28

Techniques, Tools, and Tactics

29

Why Study Research Methods?

30

Requirements of Psychological Research 30 Limitations of Psychological Research 31

Methods of Psychological Research The Experimental Method

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Designing an Experiment 33 Selecting Research Participants 34 On the Job: Training Effects on Turnover and Productivity

The Naturalistic Observation Method

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On the Job: Friendly Behaviors of Store Clerks

Surveys and Opinion Polls

Virtual Laboratories: Web-Based Research Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Summary

54

KeyTerms

55

Review Questions Additional Reading

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Personal Interviews 39 Paper — and — Pencil Questionnaires 40 Newsbreak: "Push Polls" Can Win Elections Web-Based Surveys 40 Telephone Surveys 42 Newsbreak: Call Me Unresponsive 43 Types of Survey Questions 44 Sampling Methods 44 Noncompliant Employees 45

Methods of Data Analysis

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47 53

55 56

Part two The Development of Human Resources 57 3

Employee Selection Principles and Techniques 59 Organizational Entry

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Employee Preferences 61 The Recruitment Process 62 Sources for Recruiting 63 Recruiter Characteristics 63 Campus Recruiting 63

Newsbreak: If It Sounds Too Good to Be True... Realistic Job Previews 66

A Review of the Selection Process

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Job and Worker Analyses 67 Recruitment Decisions 67 Selection Techniques 68 A Sample Selection Program: Airport Screeners

Fair Employment Practices

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Adverse Impact on Minority Groups 70 Discriminatory Questions 70 Reverse Discrimination 70 Does Diversity Work? 71 Newsbreak: It's No Longer the Back of the Bus 72 Other Forms of Discrimination 73

Job Analysis

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Biographical Information

80

Application Blanks 80 Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 1 Biographical Inventories 82

Interviews

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Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 2 84 Making the Right Impression 84 Unstructured Interviews 85 Structured Interviews 86 Situational Interviews 87 Online Interviews 88 Influences on Interviewer Judgments 88

References and Letters of Recommendation Newsbreak: A Deadly Recommendation

Assessment Centers

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The In-Basket Technique 92 Leaderless Group Discussions 92 Predictive Validity of Assessment Centers 93 Employee Attitudes toward Assessment Centers 94

Summary

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Key Terms

95

Review Questions

96

Additional Reading 4

Psychological Testing

96 98

Principles of Psychological Testing Standardization 99 Objectivity 100 Test Norms 100

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Newsbreak: Too Bright for the Job? Reliability 101 Validity 102 Validity Generalization 104

Fair Employment Practices

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An Overview of a Testing Program

106

Newsbreak: Testing for Common Sense

107

Administering Psychological Tests

108

Individual and Group Tests 108 Computerized Adaptive Tests 108 Speed and Power Tests 110

Types of Psychological Tests

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Cognitive Abilities 110 Interests 112 Newsbreak: Can You Pass the Test? Aptitudes 114 Motor Skills 116 Personality 116 Integrity Tests 120 Situational Judgment Tests 121

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Limitations of Psychological Testing

121

Newsbreak: Store Sued over Personality Test

Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading 5

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126 126

Performance Appraisal

128

Fair Employment Practices

129

Performance Appraisal: Why Do It?

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Opposition to Performance Appraisal 131 Newsbreak: Tough Graders Get Low Scores 132 Techniques of Performance Appraisal 133

Objective Performance Appraisal Methods Output Measures 133 Computerized Performance Monitoring Newsbreak: Big Brother in a Black Box Job-Related Personal Data 137

134 136

Judgmental Performance Appraisal Methods Written Narratives 138 Merit Rating Techniques 138 Management by Objectives (MBO)

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Performance Appraisal for Managers Evaluation Techniques

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Newsbreak: Rating Your Boss: No Names, Please! 360-Degree Feedback 147

Bias in Performance Appraisal The Halo Effect 149 Other Sources of Error

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How to Improve Performance Appraisals The Postappraisal Interview 157

Key Terms

157

Review Questions Additional Reading

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Performance Appraisal: A Poor Rating? Summary

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158 158

б Training and Development 160 The Scope of Organizational Training Programs Newsbreak: Employees Who Can't Read Directions

Goals of Organizational Training Programs Staffing for Organizational Training Programs The Pretraining Environment

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Pretraining Attributes of Employees

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How People Learn: Psychological Factors Training Methods

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On — the — Job Training 171 Vestibule Training 172 Apprenticeship 172 Computer-Assisted Instruction 173 Net-Based Training 174 Behavior Modification 174 Newsbreak: She Flew through College Job Rotation 176 Case Studies 176 Business Games 177 In-Basket Training 178 Role Playing 178 Behavior Modeling 178 Newsbreak: Virtual Training 179 Executive Coaching 180 Diversity Training 180

Career Development and Planning

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Career Development and Life Stages 182 Career Self-Management 182 Newsbreak: It's Your Career: Make the Most of It 183

Evaluating Organizational Training Programs

183

Summary 185 Key Terms 186 Review Questions Additional Reading

186 187

Part Three Organizational Psychology 7

Leadership

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Newsbreak: A Bad Boss Can Ruin Your Day 193

Approaches to Leadership

194

Scientific Management 194 The Human Relations Approach Theory X and Theory Y 195

Theories of Leadership

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Contingency Theory 196 Path-Goal Theory 196 The Leader-Member Exchange 197 Newsbreak: The Deputy Assistant to the Assistant Deputy... 199 Implicit Leadership Theory 199

Styles of Leadership

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Authoritarian and Democratic Leaders 200 Transactional and Transformational Leaders 201

The Role of Power in Leadership Types of Power 203 Effects and Uses of Power

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The Role of Expectations: The Pygmalion Effect The Functions of Leadership

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The Consideration Dimension 205 Newsbreak: Management Always Wins: The Canoe Race 206 The Initiating Structure Dimension 207

Characteristics of Successful Leaders

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First-Line Supervisors 208 Managers and Executives 208

Problems of Leadership

211

First-Line Supervisors 211 Managers and Executives 211

Women in Management

212

Newsbreak: Tips for Hiring Women: 1943 Version

Minority Employees in Management Summary Key Terms

217 218

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Review Questions Additional Reading

218 219

8 Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement 221 Content Theories of Motivation

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Achievement Motivation Theory 223 Needs Hierarchy Theory 224 Motivator-Hygiene (Two-Factor) Theory Job-Characteristics Theory 226

Process Theories of Motivation

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Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) Theory Newsbreak: Driven by the Work Ethic 229 Equity Theory 230 Goal-Setting Theory 230

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Job Satisfaction: The Quality of Life at Work

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Measuring Job Satisfaction 233 Job Facet Satisfaction 234 Job Satisfaction Data 234 Impact of Personal Characteristics 235 Losing Your Job 238 Newsbreak: Grades Slipping? Maybe It's Not Your Fault 240

Job Satisfaction and On-the-Job Behavior Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Pay

241 244

Perceived Pay Equity 244 Merit Pay 244 Newsbreak: Unequal Pay for Women, and for Men, Too Wage-Incentive Pay Systems 246

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Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment Personal Factors 246 Organizational Factors 247 Types of Commitment 248 Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading

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The Organization of the Organization 253 The Classic Organizational Style: Bureaucracy

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The Modern Participative Organizational Style

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Newsbreak: The Workers Are Taking Over!

Total Quality Management Why Some Programs Fail

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Self-Managing Work Groups 262 Virtual Self-Managing Work Groups 263 Newsbreak: Everybody Wanted to Go Home Early

Organizational Change

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Organizational Development (OD)

Socialization of New Employees Resocialization

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Organizational Culture

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Newsbreak: Gimme an Order of Fries—Sir! Person-Organization Fit 271

Labor Unions

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Union Grievances

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Informal Groups: The Organization within the Organization The Hawthorne Studies 273 Social Loafing 274 Group Cohesiveness 274

Technological Change and Organizational Structure Newsbreak: Are You a Compulsive Multitasker? Newsbreak: Beware of Big Brother 279

Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading

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281 282

Part Four Characteristics of the Workplace 285 10 Working Conditions 287 Physical Working Conditions

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Worksites 288 Newsbreak: Employee Gripes 289 Office and Workplace Design 289 Environmental Psychology and Landscaped Offices 290 Newsbreak: Can You Get Any Work Done at Work? 291 Illumination 292 Noise 293 Color 295 Newsbreak: Does Beige Make You Sick? 296 Music 297 Temperature and Humidity 297

Work Schedules

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Working Hours 298 Permanent Part- Time Employment 300 The Four-Day Workweek 300

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Flexible Work Schedules 301 Rest Breaks 302 Shift Work 303 Newsbreak: Asleep on the Job? Good for You!

Psychological and Social Issues

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Job Simplification 305 Boredom and Monotony 307 Fatigue 307 Ethnic Harassment 308 Gender Harassment 308 Telecommuting: The Virtual Workplace at Home

Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading 11

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Safety, Violence, and Health in the Workplace Work-Related Health Problems

317

Newsbreak: The Sick Building Syndrome

Accident Statistics Causes of Accidents

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320 321

Workplace Factors 321 Personal Factors 324 Newsbreak: How about a Drink after You Drive? 325 Newsbreak: Look Out! The Driver Behind You May Be Asleep

Accident Prevention

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Newsbreak: Accidents and Adolescents Accident Reports 329 Workplace Design 329 Safety Training 330 Management Support 330 Safety Publicity Campaigns 332

Violence in the Workplace

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Protecting Employees from Violence

Alcoholism in the Workplace

336

Effects on Job Performance 337 The Alcoholic Executive 337 Rehabilitation Programs 338 Newsbreak: Brian's a Hard Charger!

Drug Use in the Workplace

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Effects on Job Performance 341 Drug Testing Programs 342 Computers and Physical Health Issues HIV in the Workplace

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Summary Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading

347 348

12 Stress in the Workplace Newsbreak: War Reporters

350 352

Occupational Health Psychology

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Physiological Effects of Stress 354 Job Satisfaction and Feelings of Control 355 Individual Differences in Stress Responses Newsbreak: Perils of the Road Warrior 357 The Type A Personality 358 The Hardiness Factor 358 Self-Efficacy 360 Locus of Control 360 Self-Esteem 361 Negative Affectivity 361 Type of Occupation 361 Newsbreak: At Wendy's, Every Second Counts Sex Differences 362 Work-Family Conflicts 363 Newsbreak: It Gets Worse after Work 364 Organizational Solutions for Work-Family Conflicts

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Causes of Stress in the Workplace 366 Work Overload and Work Underload 366 Organizational Change 367 Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict 367 Other Stressors 368 The September 11th Attacks 369 Effects of Stress in the Workplace 369 Mass Psychogenic Illness 370 Burnout 370 Workaholism or Job Engagement? 372 Treating Stress in the Workplace 373 Organizational Techniques 373 Individual Techniques 375 Newsbreak: Take a Vacation—But Will It Work? Summary Key Terms

377 377

Review Questions Additional Reading

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Part Five 13

Engineering Psychology

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Engineering Psychology

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History and Scope of Engineering Psychology Time-and-Motion Study 387 Newsbreak: World's Greatest Woman Engineer

Person-Machine Systems

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Allocating Functions 392 Newsbreak: Who's Right—The Person or the Machine?

Workspace Design 394 Displays: Presenting Information Visual Displays 399 Newsbreak: Let Jack Do It Auditory Displays 403

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Newsbreak: Don't Take Your Laptop to Lunch

Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading P a r t SlX 14

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Controls: Taking Action 405 Human Factors in Everyday Life Computers

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Consumer Psychology

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Consumer Psychology 419 The Scope of Consumer Psychology Research Methods

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Surveys and Public Opinion Polls 421 Focus Groups 423 Newsbreak: How to Make a Living from Focus Groups Motivation Research 425 Observations of Shopping Behavior 426 Newsbreak: Are You a Minivan or an SUV? 427 Brand Identification and Preference Research 428 Testing Reactions to Advertising 429 Newsbreak: Coupons Make a Lot of Cents 430

The Nature and Scope of Advertising Types of Advertising Appeals 434 Trademarks 437 Product Image 439 Product Packaging 440 Sex in Advertisements 441

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Effectiveness of Advertising Campaigns 441 Advertising on the Web 444 Consumer Behavior and Motivation 449 Brand Placement 449 Newsbreak: Here's a Tip for You 450 Buying Habits and Brand Loyalty 451 Product Pricing 452 Advertising to Ethnic Groups 453 Advertising to Children and Adolescents 455 Newsbreak: Does Advertising Exploit Children ? 457 Advertising to Older Persons 458 Advertising to the Gay Community 458 Summary

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Key Terms

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Review Questions Additional Reading References Glossary Credits Index

463 489

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460 461...