Marine Biology Final Exam study guide PDF

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Radial symmetry equal parts radiate out from a central point

Bilateral symmetry organism can be divided into right and left halves that are more or less equal

Asymmetry no symmetry (sponges)

Advantages of radial symmetry Can move and feed in any direction Regeneration of lost body part

Advantages of bilateral symmetry Better coordinated movement Much quicker and more precise response to stimulation; since it is directed by a central nerve center.

Poriferia Sponges

Cnidaria Cnidarians

Ctenophora Comb Jellies

Platyhelminthes Flat worms

Nermatea Ribbon worms

Nematoda Nematodes

Chaetognatha Arrow worms

Annelida Segmented worms

Sipuncula Sipunculans

Mollusca Molluscs

Arthropoda Arthropods

Bryozoa Bryozoans

Phoronida Phoronids

Brachiopoda Lamp shells

Echinodermata Echinoderms

Hemichordata Herichordates

Chrodata Chordates

Sponges Sessile (attached to hard surface) Tiny pores (ostia) Filter feed on plankton and organic matter in the water. Asymmetrical symmetry No tissue or organs

Sponge Collar cells (choanocytes) Line interior canals, flagella creates water current to bring food particles in, collar on choanocyte traps food particles.

Sponge Pinacocyte cells flattened cells that cover exterior of body.

Sponge Pore cells (porocytes) cells with a pore to allow water to pass into body.

Sponge Spongin support protein

Sponge Spicules support structures made of silica or calcium carbonate. Vary in shape from rods to stars.

Sponge Asexual Reproduction budding, buds break off and grow into a new sponge

Sponge Sexual Reproduction sperm are released into the water column (broadcast spawning) and picked up by a nearby sponge and directed into the egg.

Hermaphrodites (Sponges) produce both sperm and eggs, most sponges

Cnidarians Radial symmetry

Cnidarians - Medusa Body Form free swimming form that is transported by water currents, mouth with surrounding tentacles positioned downward

Cnidarians - Polyp Body Form attached form with mouth and tentacles positioned upward

Cnidarians Tissue Layer - Epidermis covers body surface

Cnidarians Tissue Layer - Gastrodermis

lines internal body cavity, specialized for digestion.

Cnidarians Characteristics Nematocysts (stinging cells) within specialized cells (cnidocytes) on tentacles. Used for protection and feeding. Digestive system is incomplete (sac-like with mouth only). Nerve net throughout body coordinates movements. Some jellyfishes also have sensory cells and contractile cells.

Comb Jellies (Ctenophora) 8 rows of ciliary combs that beat continuously Radial symmetry No nematocysts Long sticky tentacles used to capture prey About 100 species, all marine, mostly planktonic

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes Bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers Central nervous system with brain (cluster of nerve tissue in head) Incomplete digestive tract: gut without anus Many are marine: free-living flatworms (see Fig. 7.15) and parasitic flukes and tapeworms

Ribbon worms (Nemertea) Long, elastic body with proboscis, a long tube used to entangle prey (mostly worms and small crustaceans) Complete digestive tract with mouth and anus Circulatory system One species reaches 30 m (100 ft) making it the longest invertebrate known

Nematodes (Nematoda) Bilateral symmetry Complete digestive tract; nervous system Hydrostatic skeleton: fluid in body cavity pushes against muscles in body wall Some are parasitic of many animal groups Estimates on the actual number of species range from 10,000 to 25,000, probably much higher Larval stages of Anisakis are found in fish and can be passed to humans if raw (or undercooked) fish is consumed.

Coelom Functions absorb shock Support an immune system allows muscles to grow independently of the body wall (mesentery)

Arrow worms (Chaetognatha) Planktonic, widely distributed in all oceans Transparent, streamlined body with fish-like fins and tail Voracious predators Swim in rapid, darting movements to capture prey (small planktonic crustaceans, fish larvae, and other plankton) About 100 species, all marine

Segmented worms (Annelida) Internal and external segmentation Well-developed nervous system with brain Closed circulatory system Bilateral symmetry Body cavity is a coelom, which is lined with tissue derived from mesoderm as in higher animals

Peanut worms/Sipunculans (Sipuncula) Soft, unsegmented bodies Retractable proboscis for feeding All marine, found mainly in shallow water Deposit feeders, mostly burrowing in soft sediments

Arthropods (Arthropoda) Animal phylum with largest number of species (about 75% of all animals on earth): insects, crustaceans, spiders, etc. Jointed legs and other appendages Chitin exoskeleton that must be shed to grow (molting). Body often divided into head, thorax, and abdomen Segmentation

Arthropod: Crustaceans Dominant marine arthropods: copepods, barnacles, isopods, amphipods, shrimps, lobsters, crabs Two pairs of antennae Gills used for gas exchange Head and thorax fused as a cephalothorax, typically covered by a carapace Some are filter feeders, others scavengers, parasites, carnivores Appendages specialized for different functions: feeding, swimming, carrying eggs, etc. Male transfers sperm directly to female to ensure reproductive success

Molluscs (Mullusca) Basic body plan: head, muscular foot, and visceral mass of internal organs Body covered by mantle that often secretes shell of calcium carbonate Radula for grazing and other types of feeding Well developed nervous system with brain Open circulatory system, complete digestive system

Large, successful group with nearly 100,000 known species but many remaining to be discovered

Gastropods (Gastropoda) Largest group of molluscs (snails, limpets, abalones, sea slugs) Gastropoda = "belly-footed" (internal organs over foot) Coiled shell on most species Shell absent in sea slugs (nudibranchs) Radula for grazing on seaweeds; some are deposit feeders or even suspension feeders Some are carnivores and use radula to capture prey

Bivalves (Bivalvia) Specialized filter feeders: clams, oysters, scallops, mussels, shipworms Compressed body in mantle cavity between two shells or valves (= Bivalvia) Expanded, folded gills for respiration and filter feeding Water enters and exits mantle cavity through siphons Head, NO radula Clams burrow (using muscular foot for burrowing), oysters and mussels attach to hard substrates or grow attached to each other, scallops are free-living

Parental Investment is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other aspects of fitness including the wellbeing of existing offspring, parents' future reproduction, and inclusive fitness through aid to kin.

Direct Parental Care includes behaviors that have an immediate physical effect on the offspring and their survival.

Indirect Parental Care includes behaviors that do not have an immediate physical effect on the offspring.

Intrabrood Conflict sometimes called "sibling rivalry", is conflict between members of the same litter/brood.

siblicide In some species intrabrood rivalry can reach the level where one of the offspring will kill another, called

Obligate siblicide is when a sibling almost always ends up being killed.

Facultative siblicide means that siblicide may or may not occur,based on environmental conditions.

Interbrood Conflict is a conflict between members of the current brood and future offspring.

Reproductive Value Model models the tradeoffs between reproduction, growth, and survivorship.

Sex Allocation is the way in which parents invest resources between male versus female offspring.

dioecious species are species where the individuals are either male or female for their entire lifetime

Operational Sex Ratio is the ratio of potentially mating males to fertilize females. It is based on Triver's theory of parental investment.

Potential Reproductive Rate

is the maximum number of offspring that each parent can produce per unit time.

Brood Parasitism is the manipulation and use of host individuals either of the same (intraspecific brood--parasitism) or different species (interspecific brood--parasitism) to raise the young of the brood--parasite.

Brood parasites are organisms that use the strategy of brood parasitism.

Intraspecific Brood Parasitism involves one parent depositing its eggs into the nest/care of a conspecific.

Interspecific brood parasites involves a parent depositing her eggs into the nest/care of a host of another species.

Obligate Brood Parasites they are unable to build a nest of their own.

mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behavior.

Monogamy One male and one female have an exclusive mating relationship.

Polygamy Is a mating system with more than one partner. Has three types: polygyny, polyandry, polygynandry

Polygyny

One male has an exclusive relationship with two or more females. a} This is the most common polygamous mating system in vertebrates.

Polyandry is a type of polygamy where one female has exclusive mating rights with two or more males.

Polygynandry Type of polygamy, where two or more males have an exclusive relationship with two or more females;

Promiscuity A member of one sex within the social group mates with any member of the opposite sex.

Communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that ends a signal affecting the current or future behavior of another animal.

stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts.

plectrum one structure with a well-defined lip, ridge, or nodules (the "scraper"

stridulitrum a finely--ridged surface (the "file"

Ultrasound Some animals produce high frequency sounds that are beyond the range of human hearing termed

Infrasound

Some other species may also use sounds below the range of human hearing for communication termed

Substrate Vibrations are a form of auditory communication using seismic signals.

chemoreception Detection of a chemical signal is

Aerial Chemoreception is the detection of chemical signals in the air.

Contact Chemoreception is the detection of chemical signals through direct contact, touch.

odor mosaic Some olfactory signals can be a complex mixture of chemicals that can specify the signaler (at least to conspecifics)

vomeronasal organs begins as an evagination of the ventral olfactory mucosa that becomes isolated from the rest of the nasal cavity during development.

fleshman response a facial movement that conveys the chemicals to the receptors.

Aggregation Type of pheromone that function in defense against predators, mate selection, and overcoming host resistance by mass attack.

Alarm

Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator, notifying conspecifics, that can trigger flight or aggression.

Releaser Pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient.

Primer Pheromones that trigger a change of developmental events (instead of a change in behavior).

Signal pheromones that cause short-term changes, such as a neurotransmitter release that activates a response.

Territorial pheromones that mark the boundaries of an organism's territory.

Trail are pheromones that will set out a trail so conspecifics can find the nest or resources.

Sex pheromones that indicate the availability of the female for breeding.

Information Type of pheromones that are indicative of an animal's identity or territory.

pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a pair males and females. potentially leading to producing offspring.

Social Grooming

primates grooming is often used to maintain social bonds.

alarm signal is an antipredator adaptation referring to various signals emitted by social animals in response to danger.

Mobbing Calls Alarms that signal conspecifics to join together to defend a resource or a member.

affilative displays are made to indicate that a dominant animal accepts the presence of another.

Round dance a dance to communicate the location of food sources close to the colony {less than 35 yards away}.

Waggle dance of the honeybee involves figure eight patterns of movement.

Primer Pheromones that trigger a change of developmental events (instead of a change in behavior).

Sexual Monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between one female and one male based on observations of sexual interactions.

Resource Defense Polygyny is a type of polygyny where the male guards a resource that the female needs for reproduction.

Auditory Communication

has the advantages of being fast, covers a great distance, is not affected by a visually complicated habitat but it is short lived.

Ritualization is a phenomenon where incipient signals become more stereotyped and unambiguous in a population over evolutionary time.

Emancipation is the term for the process by which a ritualized signal has become freed from the external or internal factors that originally led to it.

Sensory Drive Hypothesis suggests that the receiver 's characteristics are shaped by the environment and that will affect signal evolution.

Challenge Hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between plasma testosterone levels and aggression in mating contexts in many species.

Threat Behavior is any behavior that signifies hostility or intent to attack another animal.

Submissive Behavior is a behavior where an individual indicates by an act or posture that it will not challenge a dominant individual in a social group.

Territory is the term for the portion of an animal's home range that it will defend from conspecifics.

Agonistic Fighting is a form of aggression that escalates from an indecisive threat display.

Aggression is the term used by animal behaviorists for aggressive behaviors that can involve both intraspecific and interspecific behaviors.

Altruism is the term for behavior by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing the fitness of the individual performing the act.

Kin Selection refers to apparent strategies in evolution that favor the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction

Eusocial is the term used for the highest level of social organization in a hierarchical classification.

Cooperative Breeding is a social system in which individuals contribute care to offspring that are not their own at the expense of their own reproduction.

50 % shared alleles designates a full sibling in the coefficient of relatedness.

Cooperative Hunting is a type of cooperative foraging done by predators.

Reciprocal Altruism is a behavior where an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time....