Matsumoto Chapter 14 TB,6e PDF

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Chapter 14 Culture and Social Behavior 1. _____ refers to the process of forming impressions of others. This includes judgments of appearance, attractiveness, personality traits, and even recognizing others. a) Factual recognition b) Group perception c) Person perception d) Secondary recognition ANS: c A-head: Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People REF: 336 Feedback: Person perception refers to the process of forming impressions of others. This includes judgments of appearance, attractiveness, personality traits, and even recognizing others. Individuals can generally identify the ethnicity of individuals based on their looks and accents. 2. In the context of person perception, adults with baby-face features tend to be judged as warm, kind, naive, and submissive; adults with more mature facial features tend to be judged as strong, worldly, and dominant. a) True b) False ANS: a A-head: Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People REF: 336–337 Feedback: Adults with baby-face features tend to be judged as warm, kind, naive, and submissive; adults with more mature facial features tend to be judged as strong, worldly, and dominant. We form many reliable impressions of people based on our perceptions, including judgments of appearance, attractiveness, personality traits, and even recognizing others. 3. Which of the following statements is true of attractiveness ratings based on the recent research conducted on North Americans? a) Attractiveness ratings are positively correlated with modesty. b) Attractiveness ratings are negatively correlated with adjustment. c) There is no correlation between attractiveness ratings and dominance. d) Attractiveness ratings are strongly correlated with intellectual competence. ANS: d A-head: Cultural Influences on How We Perceive People REF: 339 Feedback: Attractiveness ratings are strongly correlated with social competence, adjustment, potency, and intellectual competence, and negatively with modesty. Even if people across cultures agree on what is attractive, there are cultural differences in the meaning of attractiveness. 4. _____ are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors, their own as well as others. a) Attributions b) Assumptions

c) Estimations d) Propositions ANS: a A-head: Culture and Attributions REF: 339 Feedback: Attributions are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors, their own as well as others. Attributions represent the ways we understand the world around us and the behaviors of others. 5. _____ specify the cause of behavior within a person. a) Internal attributions b) Implicit prejudices c) Ingroup derogations d) Internal reliabilities ANS: a A-head: Culture and Attributions REF: 340 Feedback: The attributions that specify the cause of behavior within a person is known as internal attributions. Attributions are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors, their own as well as others. 6. Which of the following statements is true of external attributions? a) They locate the cause of behavior outside a person, such as nature or acts of God. b) They are also known as dispositional attributions. c) They are movements of the body, usually the hands, that are generally reflective of thoughts or feelings. d) They refer to prejudicial attitudes that are unspoken and perhaps even outside conscious awareness. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Attributions REF: 340 Feedback: External attributions locate the cause of behavior outside a person, such as other people, nature, or acts of God; these are also known as situational dispositions. Attributions are the inferences people make about the causes of events or behaviors, their own as well as others. 7. _____ refers to a tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one’s own behaviors using external attributions. a) Practical attribution error b) Fundamental attribution error c) Auxiliary attribution error d) Ancillary attribution error ANS: b A-head: Culture and Attributions REF: 340

Feedback: Fundamental attribution error refers to a tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one’s own behaviors using external attributions. Fundamental attribution error is also known as correspondence bias. 8. Which of the following best describes self-serving bias? a) It refers to the tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors. b) It refers to the tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personality. c) It refers to bias toward inferences about a person’s disposition even in the presence of very obvious situational constraints. d) It refers to the tendency to view the world through one's own cultural filters. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Attributions REF: 340 Feedback: One type of attributional bias is self-serving bias, which refers to the tendency to attribute one’s successes to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors. Because attributions are creations of the mind, they may or may not be rooted in an objective reality and are subjected to many possible biases in ways of thinking. 9. In the context of mate selection, Buss (1989) concluded that females value cues related to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males do, whereas males value _____ more highly than do females. a) loyalty b) reproductive capacity c) social position d) intelligence ANS: b A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 343 Feedback: In the context of mate selection, Buss (1989) concluded that females value cues related to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males do, whereas males value reproductive capacity more highly than do females. The degree of agreement in sex differences across cultures has led Buss (1989) and his colleagues to view these mate-selection preferences as universal, arising from different evolutionary selection pressures on males and females. 10. In the context of mate selection, attracting someone who is already in a romantic relationship with someone else is called: a) mate searching. b) mate mediation. c) mate poaching. d) mate classification. ANS: c A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 343

Feedback: In the context of mate selection, attracting someone who is already in a romantic relationship with someone else is called mate poaching. Mate selection is influenced by both evolutionary forces and culture. 11. In their study, Simmons, vom Kolke, and Shimizu (1986) found that romantic love was valued more in the United States and Germany than in Japan. In this context, which of the following statements is true? a) Love is not an essential factor in reinforcing relationship between marriage partners. b) Platonic love is more valued in Japan than in the United States. c) Romantic love is valued in cultures with few strong, extended family ties. d) Romantic love is valued in cultures that value materialism and platonic love. ANS: c A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 344 Feedback: In their study, Simmons, vom Kolke, and Shimizu (1986) found that romantic love was valued more in the United States and Germany than in Japan. These researchers explained this cultural difference by suggesting that romantic love is more highly valued in cultures with few strong, extended family ties. Romantic love is less valued in cultures in which kinship networks influence and reinforce the relationship between marriage partners. 12. _____ is an institutionalized relationship that publicly recognizes the long-term commitment that two people make to each other. a) Live-in relationship b) Marriage c) Friendship d) Extramarital affair ANS: b A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 344 Feedback: Marriage is an institutionalized relationship that publicly recognizes the long-term commitment that two people make to each other. About 90% of people in most societies get married, or whatever is the equivalent of marriage in their societies (Carroll & Wolpe, 1996). 13. Which of the following is a major area of conflict in intercultural marriages? a) Expression of love and intimacy b) Knowing a new language c) Commitment toward relationship d) Being exposed to new rituals of marriage ANS: a A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 346 Feedback: Conflicts in intercultural marriages arise in several major areas, including the expression of love and intimacy, the nature of commitment and attitudes toward the marriage itself, and approaches to child-rearing. Intercultural marriages bring with them their own special problems and issues.

14. In the context of child rearing in intercultural marriages, children tend to develop strong or weak ethnic identities based on their parents’ similarities or differences more than on their upbringing with regard to attitudes, values, and behaviors regarding their single or dual cultures. a) True b) False ANS: b A-head: Mate Selection, Love, and Marriage across Cultures REF: 346 Feedback: Children tend to develop strong or weak ethnic identities based not on their parents’ similarities or differences, but on their upbringing, especially with regard to attitudes, values, and behaviors regarding their single or dual cultures. One of the conflict areas in intercultural marriages is around issues of child-rearing, and sometimes the differences between two people involved in an intercultural marriage do not arise until they have children. 15. Which of the following best defines conformity? a) It refers to blindly following a religious belief. b) It refers to yielding to real or imagined social pressure. c) It refers to the fear of unknown things. d) It refers to the state of lacking initiative. ANS: b A-head: Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience REF: 346 Feedback: Conformity means yielding to real or imagined social pressure. Conformity differs across cultures. For example, traditional American culture fosters individualistic values, endorsing behaviors and beliefs contrary to conformity. 16. _____ is defined as yielding to social pressure in one's public behavior even though one's private beliefs may not have changed. a) Authority b) Compliance c) Timidity d) Passivity ANS: b A-head: Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience REF: 346 Feedback: Compliance is generally defined as yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed. Conformity means yielding to real or imagined social pressure. 17. _____ is a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. a) Compromise b) Obedience c) Conformity d) Accommodation ANS: b

A-head: Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience REF: 346 Feedback: Obedience is a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority. Compliance is generally defined as yielding to social pressure in one’s public behavior even though one’s private beliefs may not have changed. 18. Which of the following statements is true of the Asch experiments on conformity reviewing participants’ response to a simple judgment task? a) Compliance resulted from subtle, implied pressure. b) Compliance resulted from requests and commands. c) Group uniformity was not a factor for compliance. d) Group size was not a factor for compliance. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience REF: 347 Feedback: The Asch experiments were innocuous in the actual content of the compliance (judgments of the length of lines), and compliance resulted from subtle, implied pressure. But in the real world, compliance can occur in response to explicit rules, requests, and commands. 19. Identify a research outcome of studies on conformity in terms of cultural differences. a) Conformity was greater when the majority consisted of outgroup members of collectivistic countries. b) Conformity was lower in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries. c) Conformity was higher in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries. d) Conformity was lower when the majority consisted of outgroup members of individualistic countries. ANS: c A-head: Culture and Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience REF: 347 Feedback: Bond and Smith (1996) conducted a meta-analysis analyzing 133 studies conducted in 17 countries, and reported that the mean conformity rate was 25%. There were considerable cultural differences. Conformity was higher in collectivistic countries than in individualistic ones. 20. _____ refers to people’s ability to work together toward common goals. a) Cooperation b) Encumbering c) Assimilation d) Dislodging ANS: a A-head: Culture and Cooperation REF: 348 Feedback: Cooperation refers to people’s ability to work together toward common goals. Trust and cooperation are necessary for the efficient functioning and survival of any social group, human or animal.

21. Which of the following statements is true of the studies conducted by Yamagishi and his colleagues on cooperation? a) Cultural differences in cooperation exist because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist. b) Cooperation is not based on human cognitive abilities, rather it is based on personal interests. c) Punishment is not an important source or reason for cooperation. d) People behave in different ways when put in the same situation. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Cooperation REF: 349 Feedback: The findings of Yamagishi and his colleagues on cooperation suggest that cultural differences in cooperation exist because of the sanctioning system within which individuals exist. When people are placed in the same type of system, they behave in similar ways. 22. In their 2004 study, Allik and Realo broadly defined _____ as interpersonal trust, civic engagement, and time spent with friends. a) social wealth b) social capital c) social unity d) social justice ANS: b A-head: Culture and Cooperation REF: 349 Feedback: Social capital was broadly defined as interpersonal trust, civic engagement, and time spent with friends. Allik and Realo (2004) examined the relationship between individualism and social capital across the states in the United States and across 42 cultures around the world. They found that those states within the U.S. and the countries around the world that were more individualistic were associated with greater social capital, and people are more trusting of others and engaged with them. 23. Which of the following statements is true of the findings of the study conducted by Allik and Realo (2004) on the relationship between individualism and social capital in United States and 42 cultures around the world? a) Individualistic nations were associated with greater social capital. b) Collectivistic nations were associated with greater social capital. c) Individualistic nations did not trust people belonging to other nations. d) Collectivistic nations trusted people belonging to other nations. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Cooperation REF: 349 Feedback: Allik and Realo (2004) examined the relationship between individualism and social capital across the states in the United States and across 42 cultures around the world. They found that those states within the U.S. and the countries around the world that were more individualistic were associated with greater social capital; people are more trusting of others and engaged with them. Social capital was broadly defined as interpersonal trust, civic engagement, and time spent with friends.

24. _____ include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust. a) Ingroups b) Outgroups c) Outcastes d) Intruders ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 350 Feedback: One type of meaningful social distinction that people of all societies make is known as ingroups and outgroups (Brewer & Kramer, 1985; Messick & Mackie, 1989; Tajfel, 1982). Ingroups include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust. Outgroups are individuals who lack these qualities. 25. _____ refers to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions. a) Group entitativity b) Group personification c) Collective personification d) Collective enactment ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 350 Feedback: Group entitativity refers to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions. People perceive groups as real entities, not just collections of individuals. 26. Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with _____, which is the belief that others are less human. a) discriminatory stereotyping b) rehumanization c) infrahumanization d) malignant typecasting ANS: c A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 350 Feedback: Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with infrahumanization—the belief that others are less human. People tend to expect greater similarities between themselves and their ingroups, relative to their outgroups. 27. _____ refers to the degree to which individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own clan. a) Ingroup derogation b) Outgroup derogation c) Ingroup distraction

d) Outgroup distraction ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 352 Feedback: Ingroup derogation refers to the degree to which individuals have negative attitudes or beliefs about their own ingroup. Ingroups include individuals with a history of shared experiences and an anticipated future that produce a sense of intimacy, familiarity, and trust. 28. Which of the following statements best describes stereotypes? a) These are generalized images that we have about groups of people, particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits. b) These refer to the belief that groups are like people in that they have intentions and the ability to plan actions. c) These refer to aspects of life that appear to differ across cultures. d) These are specialized images that we have about groups of people, particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 353 Feedback: Stereotypes are generalized images that we have about groups of people, particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits. Stereotypes can be either positive or negative. 29. Which of the following statements is true of stereotypes? a) Stereotypes based on some degree of factual observation are called sociotypes. b) Stereotypes cannot be perpetuated without direct observation of the behaviors of others. c) People cannot have stereotypes about their own group. d) Positive stereotypes are relatively easy to develop due to cultural factors. ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 353 Feedback: Stereotypes based on some degree of factual observation are called sociotypes. Stereotypes are generalized images that we have about groups of people, particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits. 30. Stereotypes about one's own group are called _____, whereas stereotypes about other groups are called _____. a) autostereotypes; heterostereotypes b) heterostereotypes; autostereotypes c) sociotypes; autostereotypes d) heterostereotypes; sociotypes ANS: a A-head: Culture and Intergroup Relations REF: 353

Feedback: Stereotypes about one’s own group are called autostereotypes. Stereotypes about other groups are called heterostereotypes. There is often a considerable degree of overlap between a group’s autostereotypes and the heterostereotypes that others hold about that group. 31. Which of the following best describes a concept? a) It is a mental category we use to classify events, objects, situations, behaviors, and people with respect to what we perceive as common properties. b) It is a context dependent perceptual process that focuses on the relationships between objects and their contexts. c) It is a term denoting all mental processes we use ...