Maxamuud Cumar Maxamuud Internet Assigment PDF

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ABAARSO TECH UNIVERSITEY

DEPARTEMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

THE INTERNET

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MOHAMOUD

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

I NTRODUCTI ON I nt hepr e se ntageofi nf or mat i onTec hnol ogy ,us eofI nt e r ne ti sbec omi ngqui t epopul ar f orac ce ss i ngi nf or mat i ononanyt opi cofy ouri nt e r es t .I tal sopr o vi dest r e mendous oppor t uni t i est os t udent s ,r es ear c her sandpr of e ss i onal sf orge t t i ngi nf or mat i onon mat t e r sr e l at e dt oacade mi candpr of es si onalt opi c sandl otmor e .I nt hepr es entwor l d, mos toft hepeopl ewhohav ec omput er sar oundt hemse l v esuseI nt e r ne tt oac ce ss i nf or mat i onf r om t heWor l dWi deWe b,exc hang emes sage s& document sande s er vi c es I NTERNET The I nt er neti s a gl obalsys t em ofi nt e r connec t ed comput e rne t wor kst hatuset he s t andar dI nt er ne tpr ot oc olsui t e( TCP/I P)t ose r v ebi l l i onsofuse r swor l dwi de .I ti sa net wor k ofnet wor kst hatc onsi s t s ofmi l l i ons ofpr i v at e,publ i c ,acade mi c ,busi nes s , andgov e r nmentne t wor ks,ofl oc alt ogl obals cope,t hatar el i nke dbyabr oadar r ayof e l ec t r oni c ,wi r e l es sand opt i calne t wor ki ng t e c hnol ogi es .The I nt er ne tcar r i esa v as t r ang e of i nf or mat i on r e sour c es and s er vi ce s , suc h as t he i nt e r l i nked hyper t e xt doc ume nt soft heWor l dWi deWe b( WWW)andt hei nf r as t r uct ur et osuppor te l ec t r oni c mai l . HI STORY OFTHE I NTERNET Thefir stwor kabl epr ot ot ypeoft heI nt er netcamei nt hel at e1960swi t ht he cr eat i on ofARPANET,ort heAdvancedResear ch Pr oj ect sAgencyNet wor k. Or i gi nal l yf undedbyt heU. S.Depar t mentofDef ense,ARPANETusedpacket swi t chi ngt oal l ow mul t i pl ecomput er st ocommuni cat eon asi ngl enet wor k.

On Oct ober29,1969,ARPAnetdel i ver ed i t sfir stmessage:a“ nodet onode” communi cat i on f r om onecomput ert oanot her .( Thefir stcomput erwasl ocat edi n ar esear ch l abatUCLA andt hesecond wasatSt anf or d;each onewast hesi zeof asmal lhouse. )Themessage—“ LOGI N” —wasshor tandsi mpl e,buti tcr ashed t hefledgl i ngARPA net wor k anyway:TheSt anf or d comput eronl yr ecei ved t he not e’ sfir stt wol et t er s.

Thet e c hnol ogyc ont i nue dt ogr ow i nt he1970saf t ersc i ent i s t sRobe r tKahnand Vi nt onCe r fdev e l ope dTr ansmi ss i onCont r olPr ot oc olandI nt e r ne tPr ot oc ol ,orTCP/I P ,

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

acommuni cat i onsmode lt hatse ts t andar dsf orhow dat ac oul dbet r ans mi t t ed be t wee nmul t i pl ene t wor ks .

ARPANETadopt e dTCP/I PonJanuar y1,1983,andf r om t her er es ear c her sbeg ant o ass embl et he“ ne t wor kofne t wor ks ”t hatbec amet hemoder nI nt e r ne t .Theonl i ne wor l dt he nt ookonamor er ec ogni z abl ef or mi n1990,whenc omput e rsc i e nt i s tTi m Be r ner sLe ei nv ent edt heWor l dWi deWe b.Whi l ei t ’ sof t enc onf use dwi t ht hei nt er ne t i t s e l f ,t hewe bi sac t ual l yj us tt hemos tc ommonme ansofac c es si ngdat aonl i nei nt he f or m ofwe bsi t esandhyper l i nks .

Thewe bhe l pedpopul ar i z et hei nt er ne tamongt hepubl i c ,ands er v e dasac r uc i als t e p i ndev e l opi ngt hev as tt r ov eofi nf or mat i ont hatmos tofusnow ac c es sonadai l ybas i s .

TYPESOFI NTERNET CONNECTI ONS ( i ) Di alupConnec t i on ( i i ) Leas edConnec t i on ( i i i )DSLconne ct i on ( i v ) Cabl eModem Connec t i on ( v) VSAT Di alupconnect i on Di al up r e f er st o an I nt er ne tc onne c t i on t hati se s t abl i she d us i ng a mode m.The modem c onnec t st he c omput er t os t andar d phone l i ne s ,whi c hs er v e as t he dat a t r ans f ermedi um.Whe n a use ri ni t i at es a di al up c onnec t i on,t he modem di al sa phonenumberofanI nt e r ne tSer vi cePr ovi der( I SP)t hati sdes i gnat edt or ec e i v edi alup cal l s .TheI SPt henes t abl i shest heconnec t i on,whi c hus ual l yt akesaboutt ense conds andi sac compani edbys ev e r albeepi ngandabuz z i ngsound. Af t er t he di al up c onne c t i on has bee n e s t abl i s hed, i ti s ac t i v e unt i lt he us er di sc onne c t sf r om t heI SP.Typi cal l y ,t hi si sdonebyse l ec t i ngt he“ Di sc onne c t ”opt i on usi ngt heI SP’ ss of t war eoramodem ut i l i t ypr ogr am.Howe v er ,i fadi al upc onnec t i on i si nt er r upt e dbyani ncomi ngphonecal lors omeonepi cki ngupaphonei nt hehouse , t hes er vi c emayal sobedi sc onne ct ed. SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

LeasedConnect i on Leas edc onnec t i oni saper mane ntt e l ephonec onne c t i onbe t we en t wopoi nt ss e tupby at e l ec ommuni cat i onsc ommon car r i er .Typi cal l y ,l ease dl i nesar euse d bybus i ne ss es t oc onne c tge ogr aphi c al l ydi s t antoffic es .Unl i kenor maldi al up c onne c t i ons,al ease d l i nei sal waysact i v e.Thef e ef ort hec onne c t i on i safixed mont hl yr at e .Thepr i mar y f ac t or saffec t i ngt hemont hl yf eear edi s t ancebe t wee ne ndpoi nt sandt hes pee doft he c i r cui t .Be cause t he c onne c t i on doe sn’ tcar r y anybody e l se ’ sc ommuni cat i ons ,t he car r i ercanass ur eagi v enl ev e lofqual i t y . DSLconnect i on Di gi t alSubscr i berLi ne( DSL)i saf ami l yoft e c hnol ogi est hatpr ovi desdi gi t aldat a t r ansmi ss i onov ert hewi r e sofal ocalt e l ephonene t wor k.DSLor i gi nal l ys t oodf or di gi t alsubsc r i berl oop.I nt e l ec ommuni cat i onsmar ke t i ng,t het e r m DSLi swi de l y under s t oodt omeanAs ymme t r i cDi gi t alSubsc r i berLi ne( ADSL) ,t hemos tcommonl y i ns t al l e dDSLt ec hnol ogy Cabl eModem Connect i on e modem i sa t ypeofNe t wor k Br i dgeand modem t hatpr ovi desbi di r e c t i onal A cabl dat acommuni cat i onvi ar adi of r eque ncyc hanne l sonaHFC andRFoG i nf r as t r uct ur e . Cabl emodemsar epr i mar i l yuse dt ode l i v e rbr oadbandI nt e r ne tac c es si nt hef or m of cabl eI nt er ne t ,t aki ngadv ant ageoft hehi gh bandwi dt h ofaHFC and RFoG ne t wor k. Theyar ec ommonl ydepl oy edi nAus t r al i a,Eur ope ,Asi aandAmer i cas. VSAT Shor tf orv er ysmal laper t ur et er mi nal ,ane ar t hbounds t at i onus edi nsat e l l i t e c ommuni cat i onsofdat a,v oi c eandvi de osi gnal s ,exc l udi ngbr oadcas tt e l evi s i on.A VSAT c ons i s t soft wopar t s,at r ansc ei v ert hati spl ace dout door si ndi r e c tl i neofs i ght t ot hesat e l l i t eandadevi c et hati spl ace di ndoor st oi nt er f ac et het r ansc ei v erwi t ht he e ndus er ’ sc ommuni cat i onsde vi ce ,suc hasaPC.Thet r ansc ei v err e c ei v esors endsa s i gnalt oas at e l l i t et r ans ponderi nt hes ky .Thesat e l l i t ese ndsandr ec ei v e ssi gnal s f r om agr ounds t at i onc omput ert hatac t sasahubf ort hesy s t em.Eac he ndus eri s i nt er c onne c t edwi t ht hehubs t at i onvi at hesat e l l i t e ,f or mi ngas t art opol ogy .Thehub c ont r ol st hee nt i r eoper at i onoft hene t wor k.Foroneendus ert oc ommuni cat ewi t h anot he r ,eac ht r ans mi ss i onhast ofir s tgot ot hehubs t at i ont hatt he nr e t r ansmi t si t vi at hesat e l l i t et ot heot he re ndus er ’ sVSAT

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

USESOFTHE I NTERNET I nt e r ne thasbe ent hemos tus ef ult ec hnol ogyoft hemode r nt i meswhi c h he l psusnot onl yi n ourdai l yl i v es ,butal soourpe r s onalandpr of es si onall i v e sdev e l opment s.The i nt er ne t he l ps us ac hi ev et hi si n se v er al di ffe r ent ways . For t he s t udent s and e duc at i onalpur pos est hei nt e r ne ti swi de l yuse dt ogat heri nf or mat i on s oast odot he r es ear c h oraddt ot heknowl edgeofvar i oussubj ec t s .Ev ent hebus i nes spr of es si onal s and t he pr of es si onal sl i ke doc t or s, ac c es st he i nt er ne tt o fil t e rt he nec e ss ar y i nf or mat i on f or t hei r us e . The i nt e r ne ti st her e f or et he l ar ge s te ncy c l opedi af or e v er y one, i n al l age cat e gor i es . The i nt er ne t has s er v ed t o be mor e use f ul i n mai nt ai ni ngcont ac t swi t hf r i endsandr e l at i v eswhol i v eabr oadpe r mane nt l y . Advant agesofI nt er net 

I nf or mat i on: Advant age i nt er ne ti s offer i ng . Ther ei s a huge amount of i nf or mat i on avai l abl eon t hei nt e r ne tf orj us taboute v er ysubj e ct ,r angi ngf r om gov e r nmentl aw and s er vi ce s ,t r adef ai r sand c onf e r e nc es ,mar ke ti nf or mat i on, ne wi de as and t e c hni calsuppor t .You can al mos tfind any t ype ofdat a on al mos tanyki ndofsubj e c tt hatyou ar el ooki ngf orbyusi ngse ar c he ngi nesl i ke Googl e ,yahoo,msn,e t c .

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Onl i neChat :You canac ce ssmany‘ c hatr ooms ’ont hewe bt hatcanbeus edt o mee tne w peopl e ,makenew f r i ends,aswe l last os t ayi nt ouc hwi t hf r i e nds .You canc hati nFace bookandWhasApp. Ser vi ces:Many se r vi c es ar e pr ovi de d on t he i nt e r ne tl i ke ne tbanki ng,j ob s ear c hi ng,pur c hasi ngt i c ke t s,hot e lr es er vat i ons,gui danc es er vi c eson ar r ayof t opi c sengul finge v er yas pe ctofl i f e . Communi t i es:Communi t i esofal lt ypeshav es pr ungup on t hei nt e r ne t .I t ’ sa gr eatway t o mee tup wi t h pe opl e ofs i mi l ar i nt e r es tand di sc uss c ommon i ss ue s. Ecommer ce:Al ongwi t hge t t i ngi nf or mat i onont heI nt er ne t ,youcanal sos hop onl i ne .The r e ar e many onl i ne s t or es and si t est hatcan be us ed t ol ook f or pr oduc t saswe l lasbuyt hem us i ngy ourc r edi tcar d.You donotnee dt ol e av e y ourhouseandcandoal lyourshoppi ngf r om t hec onv eni enc eofyourhome .I t has gota r ealamaz i ng and wi de r ange ofpr oduc t sf r om house hol d ne eds, e l ec t r oni cst oent er t ai nment . Sof t war e Downl oads:You can f r e e l y downl oad i nnumer abl e ,s of t war e’ sl i ke ut i l i t i e s,games ,musi c,vi de os,movi es ,e t cf r om t heI nt er ne t .

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Di s advant agesoft heI nt er net 

Thef tofPer sonali nf or mat i on:El e c t r oni cmes sage sse ntov e rt heI nt e r ne tc an beeasi l ysnoopedandt r ac ked,r e v eal i ngwhoi st al ki ngt owhom andwhatt he y ar et al ki ngabout .I fy ouuset heI nt e r ne t ,y ourpe r s onali nf or mat i onsuc has y ourname ,addr e ss ,cr edi tcar d,bankde t ai l sandot he ri nf or mat i oncanbe ac ce ss edbyunaut hor i z e dpe r s ons .I fy ouuseacr e di tcar dori nt er ne tbanki ng f oronl i nes hoppi ng,t he ny ourde t ai l scanal sobe‘ s t ol en’ .

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

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Negat i veeffect son f ami l y communi cat i on:I ti sg ene r al l yobse r v edt hatdue t o mor et i me s pe nton I nt er ne t ,t her ei s a dec r ease i nc ommuni cat i on and f ee l i ngoft og e t her nes samongt hef ami l yme mber s . I nt er netaddi ct i on:Ther ei ssomec ont r ov er syov erwhe t heri ti spos si bl et o ac t ual l ybeaddi c t edt ot heI nt e r ne tornot .Somer es ear c her s ,c l ai mt hati ti s s i mpl ype opl et r yi ngt oes capet hei rpr obl emsi nanonl i newor l d Chi l dr en us i ngt hei nt er net :c hi l dr enusi ngt hei nt e r ne thav ebe comeabi g c onc er n.Mos tpar ent sdonotr eal i z et hedang eri nvol v e dwhe nt hei rc hi l dr en t al kt oot her sonl i ne ,t he ydon’ tr eal i z et he yc oul dac t ual l ybet al ki ngt oa har mf ulpe r s on.Mor e ov er ,por nogr aphyi sal s oav e r yse r i ousi s suecor ner i ng t hei nt er ne t ,es pec i al l ywheni tc omest oyoungc hi l dr en.Ther ear et hous andsof por nogr aphi csi t e sont hei nt e r ne tt hatcanbee as i l yf oundorappe araspopout ad. Spammi ng:i ti sof t envi e wedast heac tofse ndi nguns ol i ci t e de mai l .Thi s mul t i pl eorv e s temai l i ngi sof t e nc ompar edt omas sj unkmai l i ngs .I tnee dl es sl y obs t r uc tt heent i r es ys t em.Mos ts pamsar ecommer c i alads .Spam c os t st he s enderv e r yl i t t l et ose ndmos toft hec os t sar epai dbyt her ec i pi entort he car r i er sr at hert hant hese nder Vi r ust hr eat s:Today ,notonl yar ehumansge t t i ngvi r use s,t hes ec omput e r sar e al s o.Comput e r sar emai nl yge t t i ngt he sevi r use sf r om t hei nt e r ne t .Vi r usi sa pr ogr am whi c hdi sr upt st henor malf unc t i oni ngofy ourcomput ersy st ems . Comput e r sat t ac hedt ot hei nt er ne tar emor epr onet ovi r usat t ac ksandt he y cane ndupi nt ocr ashi ngy ourwhol ehar ddi s k.

GOOGLE Googl ei sanAmer i canmul t i nat i onalt e c hnol ogyc ompanyt hats pe ci al i z esi nI nt er ne t r e l at eds er vi ce sandpr oduc t s ,whi c hi nc l udeonl i neadv er t i si ngt ec hnol ogi es ,se ar c h e ngi ne ,c l oudc omput i ng,sof t war e,andhar dwar e .I ti sc onsi der e doneoft heBi gFour t e c hnol ogyc ompani es ,al ongs i deAmaz on,Appl e,andFac e book. Google was founded in September 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University in California.

HOW DOESGOOGLE WORK Googl euse saut omat e dpr ogr amscal l eds pi de r sorcr awl er s,j us tl i kemos tse ar c h e ngi ne s,t ohe l pge ner at ei t sse ar c hr e sul t s.Googl ehasal ar gei nde xofkeywor dst hat he l pde t e r mi nes ear c hr e sul t s.Whatse t sGoogl eapar ti show i tr anksi t sr es ul t s, whi c hde t er mi nest heor derGoogl edi s pl ay sr es ul t soni t ss ear c he ngi ner e sul t spage s.

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

Googl euse sat r ademar kedal gor i t hm cal l edPage Rank,whi c hass i gnseac hWe bpage ar e l e vanc ys cor e. AWe bpage ' sPage Rankdependsonaf ew f ac t or s: 

Thef r equenc yandl ocat i onofke ywor dswi t hi nt heWe bpage :I ft heke ywor d appear sonl yoncewi t hi nt hebodyofapage ,i twi l lr ec ei v eal ow sc or ef ort hat keywor d.

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How l ongt heWe bpagehase xi s t ed:Peopl ecr eat ene w We bpage se v er yday , andnotal loft hem s t i c kar oundf orl ong.Googl epl ace smor ev al ueonpage s wi t hanes t abl i s hedhi s t or y .

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Thenumberofot herWe bpage st hatl i nkt ot hepagei nques t i on:Googl e l ooksathow manyWe bpage sl i nkt oapar t i c ul arsi t et ode t e r mi nei t s r e l ev ance .

Outoft he set hr e ef ac t or s ,t het hi r di st hemos ti mpor t ant .Be caus eGoogl el ooksat l i nkst oaWe bpageasav ot e ,i t ' snoteasyt oc he att hesy s t em.Thebes twayt omake s ur ey ourWe bpagei shi ghonGoogl e ' sse ar c hr es ul t si st opr ovi degr e atcont e ntso t hatot hersi t e swi l ll i nkt oy ourpage .Themor el i nksy ourpagege t s ,t hehi gheri t s Page Ranksc or ewi l lbe .I fyouat t r ac tt heat t e nt i onofsi t e swi t hahi ghPage Rank s cor e ,yoursc or ewi l lgr ow f as t er .

YAHOO Yahoo!i sanAmer i canwe bse r vi c espr ovi de rhe adquar t e r edi nSunnyval e,Cal i f or ni a, andownedbyVer i z onMedi a.Theor i gi nalYahoo!Companywasf oundedbyJe r r yYang andDavi dFi l oi nJanuar y1994andwasi nc or por at e donMar c h2,1995.Yahoowas oneoft hepi one er soft hee ar l yI nt e r ne te r ai nt he1990s. bpor t al ,se ar c hengi neYahoo!Sear c h,andr e l at ed I tpr ovi desorpr ovi dedaWe s er vi c es ,i nc l udi ngYahoo!Di r ec t or y,Mail, Yahoo,Yahoo!Fi nanc e,Yahoo! s,adv er t i si ng,onl i nemappi ng,vi de oshar i ng,f ant asys por t s, Gr oups,Yahoo!Answer SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD

andi t ssocial we bsi t e .Ati t shei ghti twasoneoft hemos tpopul ars i t e si nt heUni t e d [ 14] Acc or di ngt ot hi r dpar t ywe banal yt i cspr ovi der sAl exaandSi mi l ar We b, St at e s .

Yahoowast hemos twi de l yr eadne wsandmedi awebs i t e–wi t hov er7bi l l i onvi ewspe r mont h–r anki ngast hes i xt hmos t vi si t e dwe bsi t egl obal l yi n2016. Onc eoneoft hel ar ge s ti nt e r ne tc ompani e s,Yahoosl owl ydec l i ne ds t ar t i ngi nt hel at e 2000s,andi n2017Ve r i z onCommuni cat i onsacqui r e dmos tofYahoo' sI nt er ne t bus i nes sf or$4. 48bi l l i on.

SET BY: MOHAMOUD OMAR MAHAMOUD...