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When searching for evidence based information, you should not use library search engine because Select one: a) Its only searches for Australian articles b) It does not include peer-reviewed articles c) All are correct d) It cannot replicate your search - Correct e) It is not freely available outside...

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1. When searching for evidence based information, you should not use library search engine because Select one: a) Its only searches for Australian articles b) It does not include peer-reviewed articles c) All are correct d) It cannot replicate your search - Correct e) It is not freely available outside of University of South Australia

2. One of the components of evidence-based practice is information from practice contexts. This refers to… Select one: a) The environment, geography, location or place where a health professional might be working in and its influence on how the health professional may implement evidence-based practice – Correct b) The information gained by patients from social media and the health professional needing to please them. c) The information gained from the health professionals friend and families and the health professional needing to please them. 3. Which of the following research designs does NOT involve data collection at multiple time periods? Select one: a) Longitudinal cohort b) Stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial c) Quasi-experimental d) Cross sectional - Correct

4. There are different types of validity. Of these, which is the most simplistic type of validity? Select one: a) Construct validity b) Criterion validity c) Face validity - Correct d) Content validity 5. When searching for research evidence, limiting to full text articles is standard practice and should be recommended as it is time and resource efficient Select one: a) True b) False – Correct

6. What are the components of evidence based practice? Select one: a) Expert opinion, research evidence, qualitative research and clinical trials b) Clinical expertise, research evidence, practice contexts and funders perspectives c) Research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and information from practice contexts - Correct d) Patients perspectives, expert opinion, research evidence and clinical expertise 7. What is the purpose of random allocation of subjects into the control group and intervention group? Select one: a) Can help with reliability and validity b) Cost efficient c) Controls unmeasured confounding - Correct d) Can replicate similar research conducted elsewhere e) Can assist with triple blinding 8. In which research paradigm are samples purposefully selected as they have a story to tell? Select one: a) Qualitative - Correct b) Quantitative c) Both 9. Upon graduation, you are working in a children's hospital which has a focus on cancer. As a health professional, you are interested in exploring how children and their families cope with cancer. Therefore, you are interested in framing a question to find research on children and families perspectives about coping with cancer. Of the following frameworks, which is the most appropriate? Select one: a) SPIDER b) PICO c) PIPOH d) PECOT e) PICo – Correct 10. Your lecturer is not a fan of pie charts. His dislike of pie charts is due to Select one: a) Becomes difficult to interpret when there is too much data - Correct b) Often used by politicians c) Commonly used when comparing “slices” of data d) They are colourful and can be represented as a picture e) They are simple and easy to understand

11. Truncation symbols are Select one: a) Symbols that are used to combine keywords b) Symbols that are used to substitute for letters at end of word - Correct c) Symbols used to fill unknown or ambiguous section of a word (e.g. spelling variations) d) Symbols used as limits when undertaken searching 12. Which research paradigm supports generalisability of its results Select one: a) Qualitative b) Quantitative - correct c) Neither d) Both 13. If your clinical/review question is about testing the accuracy of a diagnostic tool in diagnosing a condition/disease, the type of research paradigm that will be suitable to your address your clinical/review question will be? Select one: a) Qualitative b) Quantitative- Correct c) Both d) Neither 14. Why are opinions not considered to be good sources of evidence? Select one: a) It is essentially one person's viewpoint. b) Can be subjective and therefore biased. c) Is not underpinned by any methods or data. d) All are correct – Correct 15. Quantitative research is inductive – that is it generates theory Select one: a) True b) False - Correct 16. What is the critical difference between quasi-experimental and controlled clinical trial? Select one: a) Pre-post measures are collected for both (control and intervention) groups of participants b) Two groups of participants are compared at two different time periods - Correct c) There are two groups of participants d) Tests effects of an intervention

17. If you are measuring subjective feelings of a person, the research paradigm of choice is qualitative. Select one: a) True b) False – correct 18. A researcher in Adelaide was interested in investigating the effect of sedentary lifestyle on the development of Diabetes in people over the age of 50. Which research paradigm will be most suited for this research? Select one: a) Qualitative b) Quantitative - correct c) Both

19. Which of the following is NOT a step in evidence based practice process? Select one: a) Apply the evidence b) Ask an answerable clinical question c) Appraise the evidence d) Acquire the evidence e) Agree with evidence – Correct 20. Mean and median are commonly used measures of central tendency. However, mean can only be used when there is symmetrical distribution and median is instead used when there is skewed distribution. Why is median the preferred choice as the measure of central tendency when there is skewed distribution? Select one: a) Median is not pulled towards the direction of the tails and as such is more stable Correct b) Median can be used for any type of data and therefore it has more applicability c) Median is pulled towards the direction of the tails and as such is more flexible d) Median can be used to identify variability (dispersion) of the data and hence ideally suited for a skewed distribution 21. In qualitative research, conclusions can be stated with a predetermined degree of certainty. Select one: a) True b) False – Correct 22. Which of the following research design does NOT allow for within and between group comparisons? Select one: a) Randomised controlled trial b) Pre-post - Correct c) Controlled clinical trial d) Quasi-experimental

23. What is NOT a limitation of evidence based practice? Select one: a) Limited time and resources b) Abundance of consistent scientific evidence - Correct c) Time to develop new skills d) All are correct 24. Health care in Australia faces a number of challenges. Which of the following is NOT one of those challenges? Select one: a) Abundance of health care professionals - Correct b) Increasing pressure on health care resources c) Increasing co-morbidities d) An ageing population 25. Which of the following is NOT an element of heath care quality? Select one: a) Access- Correct b) Efficiency c) Timeliness d) Safety 26. Upon graduation, you have started working in a busy practice. The owner of the practice wants to collect patient satisfaction data as one way of getting their feedback on the quality of care they receive. If patient satisfaction was to be measured, what type of data will patient satisfaction be? Select one: a) Numerical Discrete b) Categorical Nominal c) Numerical Continuous d) Categorical Ordinal e) All are correct - Correct 27. After graduation you are now working at the Department of Health. At the Department, they are worried about increasing health issues at the rural town of Springfield. The Department wants to capture the risk of developing new chronic conditions within a specified period of time for the people of Springfield. Which of the following will be the most rigorous research design for this purpose? Select one: a) Cross-sectional b) Longitudinal cohort - Correct c) Controlled clinical trial d) Pre-Post e) Randomised controlled trial

28. One of the purposes of evidence-based practice is to ensure every patient gets a cookbook approach to their management as means of ensuring safe and quality health care practices. Select one: a) True b) False – Correct 29. A significant weakness of a pre-post research design is Select one: a) Lack of quantitative data b) Lack of intervention c) Lack of a true control group - Correct d) Lack of reliability and validity in the measurement process 30. A background question is usually asked because of the need to make a clinical decision about a specific patient Select one: a) True b) False – Correct

1. Your classmate is undertaking honours research on the effectiveness of water-based exercises for adults with low back pain. As part of this research, she plans to recruit students from UniSA only to participate in her research as it will be convenient for her to do so. Which bias may play a role in this research? Select one: a. Allocation bias. b. Selection/sampling bias. Correct c. Attrition bias. d. Measurement bias. 2. P-values play an important role in health care as it helps us to take the findings from samples in the research and make inference to the population. As health practitioners this important for generalisability of findings to the wider population of interest. Select one: True False. Correct 3. Researchers at UniSA measured the risk of skin cancer occurring in people who used tanning bed compared to those who didn’t use tanning bed. The risk ratio from that research was 1.98. What is the correct interpretation of the risk ratio? Select one: a. Tanning bed increased the risk of skin cancer by 98% when compared to not using the tanning bed. Correct b. Tanning bed decreased the risk of skin cancer by 98% when compared to not using the tanning bed.

c. Tanning bed decreased the risk of skin cancer by 2% when compared to not using the tanning bed. d. Tanning bed increased the risk of skin cancer by 2% when compared to not using the tanning bed. 4. You have been asked to calculate sensitivity and specificity for a diagnostic test. You start by calculating the sensitivity of the diagnostic test first. The data for sensitivity calculation will come from? Select one: a. All those who have the disease. Correct b. All those who do not have the disease c. All those who had a positive test result d. All those who had a negative test result

5. In correlation, we often use scatterplot to graphically represent the data. This is because relying on the summary output alone, such as the r value, may result in incorrect interpretation of the data. Select one: True. Correct False 6. A confidence interval is an interval within which we can estimate, with some confidence, that the true population parameter lies. Which of the following is NOT used to calculate confidence intervals? Select one: a. The variability in the sample b. The point estimate which is obtained from the sample c. The desired level of confidence d. The p value. Correct 7. The wider the confidence interval, the less precise is our estimate which makes inference to the wider population difficult. Select one: True. Correct False 8. Which of the following statement is NOT true when describing confidence intervals? Select one: a. Confidence intervals gives a range of possible effect sizes

b. Confidence intervals helps to take the results from the sample and make inference to the population of interest c. The wider the confidence interval, the less precise is the estimate d. Confidence intervals are only calculated using 95% level of confidence. Correct 9. Hierarchy of evidence is generally not applied in qualitative research. This is because qualitative research is free of bias and therefore does not impact the internal validity of the research. Select one: True False. Correct

10. Spearman Correlation Coefficient is also used in correlation. Which of the following is NOT applicable for Spearman Correlation Coefficient: Select one: a. Used to measure the strength of association when the sample size is less than 30 (nonparametric) b. Used when there is monotonic relationship between variables c. Used for investigating the relationship between two ranked variables d. It is the non-parameteric equivalent of Sign Test. Correct 11. In most research, due to pragmatic and methodological reasons, samples are selected from the population. Which of the following concept relates to the generalisability of the findings from the sample to the reference population? Select one: a. Construct validity b. External validity. Correct c. Face validity d. Criterion validity e. Internal validity 12. Blinding is a common strategy that is used in research to avoid a number of biases. Which of the following bias is NOT influenced by blinding? Select one: a. Maturation bias. Correct b. Measurement bias c. Placebo d. Hawthorne effect

13. Chance, bias and confounders can all affect the internal validity of a research. Confounders are variables which when not considered can influence the outcome of the research. Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable? Select one: a. Unreliable and invalid measurement tool b. Small sample size c. Socio-economic status of the participants. Correct d. Lack of blinding of the treating therapist 14. Which of the following research designs/type is NOT included in the NHMRC Hierarchy of Evidence? Select one: a. Expert opinion. Correct b. A longitudinal cohort study c. Case series d. A cross-sectional study 15. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of hierarchy of evidence? Select one: a. Helps to rank various research designs based on the level of bias in the methodology b. Helps to determine which study design will be the most optimal study design to answer the clinical/review question c. Helps us to be a discerning consumer of research d. Helps to justify randomised controlled trials as being the best study design for all clinical/review question. Correct 16. In hypothesis testing, we assume null hypothesis is true and try to find evidence to support the alternative. Select one: True. Correct False 17. Which of the following is NOT a unique feature of normal distribution? Select one: a. Symmetrical whereby there are two halves which are identical b. Mean, median and mode are not equal. Correct c. Total area under the curve is 1 d. Approximately 95% of the observations fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean 18. Which of the following is NOT applicable for Pearson Correlation Coefficient? Select one: a. Measures the strength of linear association b. Can be used for discrete and continuous data

c. Is represented as r d. The r value has set units (depending on what is being measured in the research). Correct 19. The use of reliable and valid tools to collect and measure data in research is one way to avoid reporting bias. Select one: True False. Correct

20. Attrition bias should be avoided in research which investigate effectiveness of an intervention (such as a randomised controlled trial). Why? Select one: a. Drop outs from the research will affect sample size and may also explain the impact of the intervention on participants (e.g. too hard, causing adverse effects). Correct b. Drop outs from the research will result in errors in measurement c. Drop outs from the research will result in Hawthorne effect d. Drop outs from this research will result in allocation bias 21. Provided the sample size, sample mean and standard deviation all remain the same, as the level of confidence increases, the width of the confidence interval also increases (grows wider). Select one: True Correct False 22. The term 'statistical significance' is often used in research. This term refers to: Select one: a. The findings in the research are due to chance (random error) b. The findings in the research are not due to chance (random error). Correct c. The significance of the findings from the research to the wider population of interest d. The significance of the findings from the research due to significantly controlling for confounding factors 23. You have calculated the sensitivity of a diagnostic test to be 0.68. What is the corresponding error rate? Select one:

a. False Positive rate - 0.32 b. False Negative rate – 0.32. Correct c. True Positive rate – 0.32 d. True Negative rate – 0.32 24. You are undertaking doctoral research on the effectiveness of hypnotherapy for depression. As part of the randomised controlled trial you are planning to undertake, you have decided to divide the sample into the treatment (hypnosis) group and control (medication) group based on the postcode (suburb) of the participants (that is where they live). Which bias may play a role in this research? Select one: a. Allocation bias. Correct b. Attrition bias c. Measurement bias d. Location bias 25. Odds ratio and risk ratio are commonly used in health care as measures of association. Which of the following is NOT a feature of risk ratio? Select one: a. It is measure of risk of an outcome occurring in one group when compared to the risk of same outcome occurring in another group b. It has stronger implications for causation c. It can be derived from cohort studies d. It can be derived from case control studies. Correct 26. Your lecturer tells you that the use of odds ratio and risk ratio should be carefully considered and should not be used interchangeably. Why? Select one: a. The formulae for odds ratio and risk ratio is different b. The value which denotes no association between exposure and outcome is different for odds ratio and risk ratio c. Risk ratio is a basic and simple measure while odds ratio is complex and detailed d. Odds ratio tends to overestimate the odds, when the outcome is relatively common. Correct 27. Hierarchy of evidence is a ranking system where different research designs are ranked based on the robustness of the study design. Given that to be the case, there is one universally recognised hierarchy of evidence which is used by all. Select one: True False. Correct 28. Upon graduation you are working at the new Royal Adelaide Hospital (nRAH) as a health professional. The nRAH is considering buying a new diagnostic device, which its

manufacturer claim will accurately detect those who have skin cancer and exclude those who don’t. As Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world, nRAH is considering buying this device and you are asked to provide your opinion about the usefulness of this device. Before you decide, you ask the manufacturer for data from its testing process as you are concerned about Type I and Type II errors. For diagnostic testing purposes, which type of error is more important? Select one: a. Type I b. Type II. Correct c. Both types of error are equally important d. Neither type of error is relevant as Type I and Type II errors only relate to effectiveness testing 29. P-value (probability value) quantifies the chance, or probability, of obtaining a particular result from a sample, if the null hypothesis were to be true. Select one: True. Correct False 30. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bias? Select one: a. Systematic error b. Can affect external validity. Correct c. Can be eliminated through strategies d. Relates to the methodology of the research

1) qualitative research? a) b) c) d)

Process if examining both oneself as a researcher and the research relationship Triangulation Using convenience sampling Using an independent external observer

2) Drought affects millions of people in rural and remote Australia which has resulted in a great deal of hardships for people living in these regions (e.g. increased suicide rates among farmers). As means of tackling this challenge and prevent suicide among farmers, federal and state governments have invested millions of dollars. By doing so, it aims to create new knowledge, put supportive strategies in place based on the knowledge created from the viewpoint of these Australian communities and transform their social realities.

Which of the following qualitative research methodologies will be the most appropriate to explore this phenomenon? a) b) c) d) e)

Discourse analysis Grounded theory Ethnography Phenomenology Participatory...