Medical Sociology MTO1 Answers for exam questions listed PDF

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Medical Sociology MTO1 exam questions answer. For year 2 English general medicine course. Chapter 1 to 7....

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MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap1 Q1

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

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SOCIOLOGYINTHEMEDICALCURRICULUM.WHATFOR? Whatissociology?

Ans1 Obtainingobjectivescientificinformationaboutaproblemarisingonthesociety‐level. Q2 Whatissociologicalimagination? Ans2

To‘thinkourselvesaway’fromthefamiliarroutinesofourdailylivesinordertolookat

themfromanewpointofview. Q3 Introducethefoundersofsociology(A.Comte,E.Durkheim,K.Marx,M.Weber). Ans3

A.Comte:Frenchphilosopher,writer,andfounderoftheacademicdisciplineofsociology.

Hecreatedtheterm‘sociology’tonamethenewscienceofsociety. E.Durkheim:Functionalistsociology;Heformallyestablishedtheacademicdisciplineof sociology.“Socialfactsareallthoseinstitutionsandrulesofactionwhichconstrainor channelhumanbehavior” K.Marx:Conflicttheories;Heanalyzedthecapitalistsocietiesanddifferentsocialproblems andtherelationshipbetweeneconomyandtheworkerswithinthecapitalistsystem.In Marxismsystem,governmentsexisttoprotectthewealthybutnotthecommongood.He definedthesocialstructureaspowerful,butdeterminedconflictandinequalitybeingtypical inallsocieties.

Q4

M.Weber:Interactionalism;meaningfulcharacterofsociallifeandthesocialactionsof individuals. Definesociologyasascience.

Ans4 Sociologyisthescientificstudyofhumanlife,socialgroups,wholesocieties,andhuman worldassuch.Itssubjectmatterisourownbehaviorassocialbeingsinrelationshipswithmany otherpeople. Q5

Introducethemoderntheoreticalapproachesinsociology(functionalism,conflictperspective,

symbolicinteractionism). Ans5 Functionalism:originsfromE.Durkheim.focusesmoreonthemacro‐levelofthesocial structure.Thistheoryseesthesocietyasasystem,inwhichallmembers,institutions,and behaviorshaveimportantfunctions. Conflictperspective:conflicttheoryoriginsfromK.Marx.Societiesneedconflicts.Different groupsandinstitutionshavetheirowninterestsandtheyhavetofightwitheachotherfor moregoods. Symbolicinteractionism:MaxWeberestablished.Meaningfulcharacterofsociallifeand socialactionsofindividuals.Symbolisanimportantphenomenoninthesociety,focuseson Q6

face‐to‐faceandeverydayinteractions. Describethelevelsofasociologicalstudy.

Ans6

Macrosociologyisbasedontheanalysisoflarge‐scalesocialstructuresandlong‐term

processesofchange.Itdealswiththeinstitutionsthatinfluenceourdailylife.Microsociology concentratesonface‐to‐faceinteractionswithinasocialinstitution. Q7 Explainwhyitisimportanttostudysociology. Ans7

Awarenessofculturaldifferences,betterunderstanding,howothersliveandwhatkindof

problemstheyhave,andassessmentoftheeffectsofpoliticaldecisions.

1 

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap2 Q1

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

Editor:Yu‐TingTsai,M.Sc.,P.T.,B.Sc.

WHERESOCIOLOGYANDMEDICINEMEET Whatismedicalsociology?

Ans1

Studyofhealthcareasitisinstitutionalizedinasociety,andofhealthorillness,andits

relationshiptosocialfactors. Q2 Introducethemajortopicsinmedicalsociology. Ans2   Relationshipbetweenthesocialenvironmentandhealthstatusandillnesses  Socialepidemiology:analysesthetrendsandpatternswithinapopulationorindifferent populations.  Socialstress:Imbalance,uneasinessoriginatingfromtheinabilityofdealingwithworkor family‐relatedstress.  Healthandillnessbehavior  Healthbehavior:individuals’behaviorforhealtheffect.  Experienceofillnessanddisability:Howpeoplereact,iftheyarediagnosedwithanillnessor adisability.  Healthcarepractitionersandtheirrelationshipwithpatients  Physiciansandthemedicalprofession:roleofdoctorsinoursocietyandthe characterizationofmedicineasaprofession  Medicaleducationandsocializationofphysicians:howstudentsbecomedoctors.  Nurses,mid‐levelhealthcarepractitionersandalliedhealthworkers  Alternativeandcomplementaryhealingpractices  Physician‐patientrelationship  Thehealthcaresystem  Typeofhealthcaresysteminfluencethequalityoflife  Healthcaredelivery:Organizationsbelongtothehealthcaresystem.  Thesocialeffectsofhealthcaretechnology:useofnewtechnologiesinhealthcarehas socialandpublicpolicyconsequences.  Comparativehealthcaresystems Q3 SummarizethemostimportantcharactersoftheBlackReport. Ans3 Firstreportontheassociationbetweensocialclassandmortality.Working‐classmenand womenaresignificantlymorelikelythanarethoseinthemanagerialorprofessionalclassestodie early. Q4 SummarizeDurkheim’sstudyaboutsuicide. Ans4

Linkbetweenthetypeofsocialintegrationandsuicide.Suicidecanhaveoriginsinsocial

causesratherthanjustbeingduetoindividualtemperament.Lowerrateofsuicideamong Catholicsandtheorizedthatthiswasduetostrongerformsofsocialcontrolandcohesionamong themthanamongProtestants.Suicidewaslesscommonamongwomenthanmen,morecommon amongsinglepeoplethanamongthosewhoareromanticallypartnered,andlesscommonamong thosewhohavechildren.Soldierscommitsuicidemoreoftenthanciviliansandthatcuriously, ratesofsuicidearehigherduringpeacetime.

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2

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap3

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

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HOWTOSTUDYTHESOCIETY?

Q1 Whatisscience? Ans1 Involvesthedisciplinedmarshallingofempiricaldata,combinedwiththeconstructionof theorieswhichilluminateorexplainthosedata. Q2 Whatkindofsociologicalquestionsare? Ans2 Factualquestionsifwewanttoknowsimplywhathappened. Comparativequestions:knowifthishasalsobeenthecaseinothercountries. Developmentalquestion:characterizesthepresentandthepast. Theoreticalquestions:Examinehowhuman‐madeconceptsinfluencehumanactions. (Money&Happiness) Q3

Introducethestepsoftheresearchprocess.

Ans3   Definingtheresearchproblem  Reviewingtheevidence  Formulatingahypothesis  Selectingaresearchdesign  Sampling  Carryingouttheresearch  Analysingdata  Reportingthefindings Q4 Samplingmethods. Ans4   Non‐ProbabilitySamplingTechniques  Easilyaccessiblesubjects  Expertselection/JudgementalSampling  Snowballmethod  Quotasample  ProbabilitySamplingTechniques  Simplerandomsample  Systematicsample  Stratifiedsample  Clustersample Q5 Qualitativeandquantitativemethods. Ans5 Quantitativemethodsmeasuresocialphenomenabymathematicalmodelsandstatistical analysis.Qualitativemethodsgatherdetailed,richdataallowingforanin‐depthunderstandingof individualactioninthecontextofsociallife Q6 Introducethemethodsofdatacollection(survey,interview,observation,ethnography,secondary dataanalysis,existingstatistics,contentanalysis,experiment) Ans6   Surveys  Predesignedquestionsandusuallyprovidingthemanswerchoices.  Asurveyisalwaysanalyzedbystatistics.

3 

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

Editor:Yu‐TingTsai,M.Sc.,P.T.,B.Sc.

 Interviews  Askingpeoplequestionsthatareopen‐ended.  Analyzedfortheirmeaningandthemes.  Observation  Watchingpeopleinordertodocumenttheirbehavior.  Understandhowpeopleinteractwithoneother,andtofindpatterns.  Ethnography  Immersingyourselfinacultureorsubcultureinordertounderstandit.  Cancombineformalandinformalinterviews,observationorsometimescontentanalysis.  Secondarydataanalysis  Existingstatistics  Fromdatacollectionofgovernmentalagencies  Contentanalysis  Gatheringexistingtextsandcontents,andrevealnotonlytheobvious,butalsothesubtler messagesorideascontainedwithinthetextorimage.  Experiment  Zimbardo’sStanfordPrisonExperiment

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4

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap4

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

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BECOMINGADOCTOR

Q1 Definethetermsocialisation. Ans1 Interdisciplinaryandreferstoprocessoflearningsocialroles.Humaninfantgradually becomesaself‐aware,knowledgeableperson,skilledinthewaysofthecultureintowhichheor shewasborn. Q2 Introducetheagenciesofsocialisation. Ans2 Groupsorsocialcontextsinwhichsignificantsocialisationtakesplace.Themostimportant agenciesarefamily,school,peergroups,organisations,workplace,andmedia. Q3

Defineprimaryandsecondarysocialisation.

Ans3 Primarysocialisationisveryintensive;itoccurswhenachildlearnstheappropriate language,attitudes,values,andactionscharacteristicofaparticularculture.Secondary socialisationreferstotheprocessoflearningwhatisconsideredappropriatebehaviourfora memberofasmallergroupwithinthelargersociety. Q4 Definethetermgender. Ans4 Socialexpectationsaboutbehaviourregardedasappropriateforthemembersofeachsex, conventionallyasmasculineorfeminine. Q5

Introducegendersocialisation.

Ans5 Learningofgenderrolesviasocialagenciessuchasfamily,stateandmassmedia. Q6 Defineprofessionalsocialisation. Ans6

Medicalstudentsdeveloptheirprofessionalself,fusingitscharacteristicvalues,attitudes,

knowledge,andskillsintoamoreorlessconsistentsetofdispositionswhichgovernhis/her behaviourinawidevarietyofprofessionalsituations. Q7 Defineindirectprofessionalsocialisation. Ans7 Q8

Indirectimpactsbeyondformallecturesandpracticesthatformstudents’medicalidentity.

Definedirectprofessionalsocialisation.

Ans8 Formalcurriculum:subjects,credits,exams,duringwhichteachershandoverthestandards andframesoftheirprofessionalbehaviour. Q9

Definegenderhiddencurriculum.

Ans9

Femaleandmalestudentsanddoctorshavedifferentmedicalportrayals,anecdotes,media

iconsandpersonalexperiencewhichcertainlycontributetotheirperceptions.

5 

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap5 Q1

Editor:Yu‐TingTsai,M.Sc.,P.T.,B.Sc.

DOCTORSASPROFESSIONALS Whatisaprofession?

Ans1 Q2

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

Occupationsthathavecertainspecialtraitsandcharacteristics.

Introducetheessentialtraitsofaprofession?

Ans2   Rigorousstandards  Professionscarryspecialresponsibilities,mustundergoarigorousformalandinformal educationalandtrainingprocessandmustgocomplywithstringentpracticenorms.  Significantautonomy  Freedomfromlaycontrol.Professionitselfdeterminesandenforcesstandardsofeducation, licensure,andqualityofpractice.  Considerableprestigeandidentificationwiththeprofession  Accompaniedbyhighlevelsofincomeandprestige. Q3

Introduceprofessionalisation.

Ans3

Developmentofmodernprofessionsandtheprocessoftheirdifferentiation.Intensification

ofmarketprocesses,thedevelopmentofthemodernmanufacturingindustryandmechanization werethemostimportanttriggers.Roleofexpertiseandeducationbecamemoreimportant,and theexerciseofbirth‐basedpowerwasreplacedbythefreedomtochooseanoccupationandthe possibilityofaprofessionalcareerwithsocialandmaterialrecognition.Classicalprofessionswere thoseofdoctors,lawyers,teachers,andpriests. Q4 Introducedeprofessionalisation. Ans4

Processduringwhichdoctorsbecomemorelikeserviceprovidersratherthanphysicians.

Patientsaresimilartocostumersandleadstoareductioninphysiciandominance.  Declineddominanceorautonomyofdoctors  Competition.  Consumerism  Evidencebasedmedicine(EBM)orscience‐basedmedicine  Controlstheautonomyofphysiciansindecision‐making. Q5 Characterisetheprocessoffeminisationinmedicine. Ans5 Asaconsequenceofdeprofessionalisationofmedicineandchangingtraditionalgender roles,moreandmorehighlyeducatedwomenenteredthemarket,wereemployed,manyof whomchosethemedicalprofession.  Genderdifferencesareobviousalsoinmedicine.  Womenarelesslikelytopursuecareer.  Theroleofthedoctorhasslowlytransformedintoafemaleoccupationalrole.

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6

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap6 Q1

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

.

DOCTORSANDPATIENTS Definitionandtypesofsocialrole.

Ans1

Roleisacomplexsetofstatus‐relatedbehavioursincludingstatus‐specificrights,

obligationsandnorms.  Pervasiveroles  Familyroles  Professionalroles  Temporaryroles Q2

Introducetheroletheory

Ans2 Theoreticalperspectiveinsociologyandsocialpsychologythatconsidersmostofthe everydayactivitiesassociallydefinedactions.Eachsocialrolehasaspecificsetofrightsand obligationsthattheroleholdermustcomplywith. Q3 IntroducetheParsonianmodelofthephysician‐patientinteraction.  Ans3  

PhysicianControl+

PhysicianControl‐

PatientControl+ PatientControl‐

Mutuality Paternalism

Consumerism Default

 Mutualmodel:Idealformofinteraction.  Consumeristmodel:Typicalinprivatecare.  Paternalisticmodel:resemblestorelationshipbetweenfatherandchild.  Defaultmodel:Mightoccurwhenthedoctorsuffersfromburn‐outsyndrome,whereasthe patientisnotabletopracticehighercontrol  Asymmetricrelationshipwiththephysicianplayingthedominantrole. Q4 IntroducetheSzasz‐Hollandermodelofthephysician‐patientinteraction.  Ans4 Threemodelsofpaternalism,determinedbythepatientsymptoms.  Activity–PassivityModel:Beingtheexpert,thephysicianmakesthedecisionsintherelationship. Thepatientreliesontheexpertiseofthephysician;theyarelikeparentandchild.Thismodel appliestoshort,emergencysituations.  Guidance–CooperationModel:Thephysicianislessautocratic,whilethepatientismore involvedintothetreatmentprocess.Thepatient’sconsenttodecisionsisdesired,butthe physicianretainsthedominantposition;theyarelikeparentandadolescent.Thismodelapplies tolong‐termsituations.  MutualParticipationModel:Foraneffectivetreatmentprocess,thepatientmustfully participateandhavetoplayacentralroleinthetreatment.Thepatientknowsmoreabouthis orherowncondition,thanthephysiciandoes.Thismodelappliestochronicdiseases. Q5 Introducethebiomedicalandbiopsychosocialaspectsofmedicine. Ans5 Biomedicalapproachwasthedominanttherapeuticorientationandfocusesonlyonthe physiologicalaberrations,whichisdiseaseorientedratherthanpatientoriented.Biopsychosocial approachstatesthatpsychosocialfactorsarealsoneededtoprovideoptimalhealthcareand considerthepatientandthesocialcontext. Q6 Introducethebarriersofcommunicationduringtheprocessoftherapy. Ans6

7 



MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

Editor:Yu‐TingTsai,M.Sc.,P.T.,B.Sc.

 Settingofthemedicalencounter   Lengthofthemedicalencounter   Mentalstateofthepatient   Mismatchedexpectationsofphysicianandpatient   Languagebarriers   Communicationstyleofthephysician  Q7

Whatisconflict? 

Ans7

Manycomplementaryrolesbelongtoacertainsocialstatus,varyingaccordingtowhoma

personinteractswith.Whenthiscomplexityisshrinking,itmightleadtofallout(homeless)or consciouswithdrawalfromthesociety(hermit). Q8 Definetheroleconflict.  Ans8

Situationinwhichapersonisexpectedtoplaytwoincompatibleroles.

Q9 Introducethedifferenttypesofroleconflict.  Ans9   Intrapersonalconflict–Ittakesplacewithintheindividualwhendecidebetweenconflicting expectations.  Intra‐roleconflict–Itmeanstheincompatibility,whichexistswithinasinglerole.  Inter‐roleconflict–Itoccurswhentwoormorerolesareincompatiblewitheachother. Q10 Introducetheconflictsinmedicine.  Ans10 Allocationof resources,Latentconflicts,Internet‐relatedconflicts, Family‐professionconflict. Q11 Whatiscompliance?  Ans11 Patientsfollowtheinstructionsgivenofphysicians. Q12 Introducethefactorsrelatedtocompliance.  Ans12 Sociodemographiccharacteristicsofpatients,Patient’sknowledgeaboutcondition,The severityofthedisease,ThecomplexityofthemedicalregimenandExtentofchangeinlifestyle demandedbytheillness. Q13 Whatisadherence?  Ans13 Person’sbehaviorcorrespondswiththeagreedrecommendationsfromahealthcare provider.

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8

MedicalSociology2021/22Autumn Chap7 Q1

MTO1(Chap.1–7)

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HEALTHEXPERIENCE Introducetheconceptofhealth.

Ans1 Stateofcompletephysical,mentalandsocialwell‐beingandnotmerelytheabsenceof diseaseorinfirmity. Q2

Introducethebiomedicalfocusofhealth.

Ans2

Absenceorpresenceofdiseaseorphysiologicalmalfunction.Completelyobjective

phenomena,onlymedicalprofessionalscandefine,solelyaphysiologicalmalfunctionandhealth istheabsenceofdisease. Q3 Introducethesociological(sociocultural)definitionofhealth. Ans3 Affectednotonlybyphysiologicalaspectsbutpsychologicalandsocialfactors,aswell. healthistheoptimumcapacitytoperformsocialrolesandtasks Q4

IntroduceAlonzo’sfourdimensionsofhealthbehaviour.

Ans4   Prevention−tominimizetheriskofdiseasewithregularexerciseandhealthydiet  Detection−todetectthediseasebeforeitssymptomsappear  Promotion−toencourageandpersuadeindividualstoengageinhealth‐protectivebehaviors  Protection−tomaketheenvironmentashealthyaspossible Q5

Whatisillnessbehaviour?

Ans5 Howcertainsymptomsmightbeperceived,evaluatedandacted(ornot)uponbypeople, whoexperiencedifferentsignsoforganicmalfunction. Q6

IntroduceZola’s‘socialtriggers.’

Ans6 Patient’sinterpretationofsymptomsdependonwhethertheyareperceivedas‘normal'or 'abnormal’  Perceivedinterferencewithvocationalorphysicalactivity  Perceivedinterferencewithsocialorpersonalrelations  Theoccurrenceofaninterpersonalcrisis  Akindoftemporalizingofsymptomatology  Sanctioning Q7

Introducethestagesofillnessexperience.

Ans7   Symptomexperience–somethingiswrong(self‐treatmentortryingtoignore)  Assumptionofsickrole–takingonthesickrole(tryingtogetbetter)  Contactmedicalcare–seekingillnesslegitimation(perhapsstillindenial)  Dependentpatientrole–agreeingmedicaltherapy(mightnotfollowthemedicaladvice)  Recoveryandrehabilitation–l...