Mid Exam January, questions PDF

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King’s College London This paper is part of an examination of the College counting towards the award of a degree. Examinations are governed by the College Regulations under the authority of the Academic Board. BSc Examination 4BBY1060 Fundamentals of Physiology & Anatomy Jan 2019

Time Allowed: CALCULATORS MAY BE USED. ONLY THE FOLLOWING MODELS ARE PERMITTED: Casio fx83, Casio fx85. CANDIDATE NUMBER: Label all MCQ answer sheets clearly with your name, candidate number, College number and test number as instructed. Attempt ALL questions in ALL sections. Section 1. Choose the SINGLE best answer, using the ‘single best’ answer sheet provided. Use a pencil. Each correct answer is worth 1 mark, while incorrect answers or answers left blank earn 0 marks. Section 2. Select True or False for each of the options, using the True or False answer sheet provided. Each question is worth a maximum of 2 marks. A correct answer for each twig (A, B, C or D) earns +0.5 marks, while for each incorrectly answered twig, 0.25 of a mark will be deducted. Twigs left blank earn 0 marks.

DO NOT REMOVE THIS PAPER FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM TURN OVER WHEN INSTRUCTED

Section 1: Single Best answer questions Choose the SINGLE best answer, using the ‘single best’ answer sheet provided. Use a pencil. Each correct answer is worth 1 mark, while incorrect answers or answers left blank earn 0 marks. Attempt ALL questions. Epithelia 1. Which type of collagen is found in the basal lamina? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. Type IV E. Type V 2. Which type of epithelium lines organs which are subject to large changes in volume? A. Pseudostratified columnar B. Simple cuboidal C. Stratified columnar D. Stratified squamous E. Transitional 3. Which type of epithelium lines the trachea? A. Pseudostratified columnar B. Simple cuboidal C. Stratified columnar D. Stratified squamous E. Transitional Muscle cells 4. How does the Action Potential travel between adjacent cardiac muscle cells? A. Innervation by a motor end plate B. Via actin filaments in the fascia adherens C. Via desmosomes D. Via gap junctions E. Via the T tubules

5. In striated muscle, myosin filaments are anchored to the Z line by… A. Nebulin B. Titin C. Tropomyosin D. Troponin E. α-actinin 6. During contraction of smooth muscle, what does calcium bind to? A. Calmodulin B. Myosin light chain C. Myosin light chain kinase D. Phosphatase E. The cell membrane 7. Endomysium surrounds… A. Fascicles of skeletal muscle cells B. Individual myofibrils C. Individual skeletal muscle cells D. The entire cardiac muscle E. The entire skeletal muscle Blood 8. The function of megakaryocytes is? A. To phagocytose bacteria B. To produce neutrophils C. To produce plasma cells D. To produce platelets E. To travel to the site of infection 9. Which cells predominate in the early stages of the inflammatory response A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Macrophages D. Megakaryocytes E. Neutrophils

The Cardiovascular System

10. A. B. C. D. E.

On the diagram of the heart above, what is ‘a’? The left atrium The left ventricle The right atrium The right auricle The right ventricle

11. A. B. C. D. E.

On the diagram of the heart above, what is ‘b’? Chordae tendinea Cusp of valve Papillary muscle Pectinate muscle Trabeculae Carneae

12. On the electrocardiogram (ECG) trace above, what does the ‘T wave’ represent? A. Depolarisation of the ventricles (towards the atria) B. Depolarisation of the ventricles (towards the apex) C. Depolarisation of the atria D. Repolarisation of the ventricles (towards the endocardium) E. Repolarisation of the atria 13. Using the ECG trace above, calculate the heart rate (beats per minute) and choose the best answer from the choices below: A. 0.015 b.p.m. B. 65 b.p.m. C. 85 b.p.m. D. 120 b.p.m. E. 0.92 b.p.m. 14. If diastolic blood pressure is 77 mmHg and systolic blood pressure is 134 mmHg, what is mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg)? A. 105.5 B. 96 C. 114 D. 57 E. 121.7

The Respiratory System 15. A. B. C. D. E.

Where are Clara cells located? Alveolar ducts Alveoli Bronchi Bronchioles Trachea

16. A. B. C. D. E.

On the diagram of lung tissue (above), what is ‘a’? Clara cell Goblet cell Macrophage Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte

17. A. B. C. D. E.

On the diagram of lung tissue (above), what is ‘b’? Clara cell Goblet cell Macrophage Type I pneumocyte Type II pneumocyte

18. A. B. C. D. E.

How many pulmonary veins normally enter the left atrium? One Two Four Six Eight

19. Above is a vitalograph trace from a young adult male. From the trace, calculate the forced expiratory ratio (FER). Choose the best answer from the options below: A. 0.455 (45.5%) B. 1.00 (100%) C. 4.40 L D. 2.00 L/sec E. 0.733 (73.3%) 20. From the vitalograph trace, what can you say about the subject’s respiratory health? A. He has an above average lung capacity for his age B. He has a healthy respiratory system C. He has severe lung fibrosis D. He has a below average lung capacity for his age E. He probably has an obstructive lung disease

Part B: True/False questions. Select True or False for each of the options, using the True or False answer sheet provided. Each question is worth a maximum of 2 marks. A correct answer for each twig (A, B, C or D) earns +0.5 marks, while for each incorrectly answered twig, 0.25 of a mark will be deducted. Twigs left blank earn 0 marks. Homeostasis 1. Regarding homeostatic control mechanisms, is it true that: A.Afferent pathways carry signals from the integrating centre to target f organs/tissues B. Anticipation of a meal causing saliva production is an example of a ‘feedT forward’ control mechanism C.Steroid hormones usually produce slow-onset, long-lasting effects on T target tissues D.Maintaining extracellular fluid volume is more important than maintaining f extracellular fluid osmolarity

Cardiovascular System 2. Regarding the excitability of cardiac muscle cells, is it true that: T A. They generate an action potential that is at least 200 ms long B. The plateau phase of the action potential is primarily due to sodium (Na+) f influx C. Adrenaline enhances stroke volume by increasing the force of contraction T in the muscle fibers D. A negative chronotropic agent will alter heart rate by increasing the rate f of action potential firing at the SA node

3. Regarding the cardiac cycle, is it true that: A. Heart rate is determined by the rate of depolarization (slope) of the SA T node pacemaker potential B. Conduction of the electrical impulse through the atria is slower than through the ventricles T C. The aortic valve opens before the left ventricle has begun to contract f D. During each cardiac cycle, the left ventricle ejects four times as much blood as the right ventricle f

4. Regarding total peripheral resistance, is it true that: T A.It will increase if there is a net decrease in arteriolar radius B. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system will cause it to decrease f C.If it fell too low, blood pressure would drop and tissue perfusion would be impaired T D.It would increase if there was an increase in the number of resistances in parallel f 5. Regarding the control of blood pressure, is it true that: A.Changes in MABP are sensed by chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus f B. Increasing venous return will decrease cardiac output f C.A drop in blood pressure would trigger a decreased neuronal output to the SA node via the vagus nerve T D. One of the responses to moving from a supine to a standing position is an increase in heart rate T 6. Regarding the regional control of blood flow, is it true that: A.If blood flow is decreased in one tissue, it must be decreased in all other tissues by a similar amount f B. In cardiac muscle, an important chemical determinant of blood flow is adenosine T C.During moderate exercise, cerebral blood flow is increased up to five times f D.During haemorrhage, pulmonary vascular resistance increases in order to maintain lung perfusion pressure T

Respiratory System 7. Regarding normal quiet breathing, is it true that: T A. Only inspiratory muscles are actively stimulated B. Residual volume is less than during exercise f C. Tidal volume is approx. 1200ml in the average young adult male f D. Alveolar pressure (Palv) is always positive relative to atmospheric pressure f (Patm)

8. Regarding the transport of O2 by blood, is it true that: A. About 25% of O2 is carried by blood dissolved in plasma f B. Rate of uptake of O2 by Hb is dependent on the partial pressure difference T C. On the plateau phase of the O2-Hb dissociation curve, large changes in T PO2 only produce small changes in % saturation or content D. Carbon monoxide both promotes O2 binding to Hb and prevents its release T to tissues that need it

9. Regarding the transport of CO2 by blood, is it true that: A. Approximately 60% of all CO2 in mixed venous blood is carried as T bicarbonate (HCO3-) B. Alveolar PCO2 normally equilibrates with pulmonary capillary PCO2 at T 5.3kPa C. The CO2-Hb dissociation curve is exponential over the physiological range f of PCO2 + D. Buffering of H by oxy-Hb prevents formation of HCO3 f

10. Regarding the control of breathing, is it true that: A. Contraction of the diaphragm requires stimulation by the phrenic nerve T B. PCO2 is the main determinant of ventilation under normal conditions T C. Slow collapse of the lungs stimulates stretch receptors f D. Peripheral chemoreceptors cannot sense changes in PO2 f...