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Anatomy Midterm answer keys...

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Midterm A Practice Quiz 1.Which of the following choices best describes homeostasis?

A. drastic changing conditions externally and internally B. relatively constant internal environment despite changes in external conditions C. changes in client status that could be detrimental to health D. When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change 2.The smallest living units that make up the body’s structure are: A. molecules. B. organelles. C. atoms. D. cells. 3.Which organ system supplies the body with immune cells? A. Integumentary system B. Lymphatic system C. Endocrine system D. Nervous system 4.Rachel has a cut on her leg just above her ankle. The injured area is: A. distal to her knee. B. proximal to her knee. C. anterior to her knee. D. medial to her knee. 5.The heart is located in the: A. ventral cavity. B. mediastinum. C. pleural cavity. D. dorsal cavity.

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

6.The body maintains equilibrium through the process of: A. homeostasis. B. negative feedback. C. positive feedback. D. shivering. 7.What is the body’s primary energy source? A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Lipids D. Water 8.A cell’s genetic information is contained in the: A. cytoplasm. B. nucleus. C. proteins within the plasma membrane. D. plasma membrane. 9.Cells depend on which organelle for energy? A. Golgi apparatus B. Cytoskeleton C. Mitochondria D. ATP 10.Which of the following is a key function of the sodium-potassium pump? A.

Movement of large particles into the cell across the plasma membrane

B.

Provision of electrical potential necessary for nervous system activity

C.

Release of substances outside the cell

D.

Provision of nutrients to the body’s cells

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

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11.Which statement about DNA is correct? A. It stores all of a cell’s genetic information. B. It contains the sugar ribose. C. It contains the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. D. It exists as a single strand. 12.Which statement about epithelial tissue is true? A. It has a rich blood supply. B. It has a poor blood supply. C. It has no blood supply. D. It has an adequate blood supply but receives oxygen from underlying connective tissue during tissue repair. 13.What is the most widespread and varied tissue in the body? A. Nervous B. Muscular C. Epithelial D. Connective 14.Which membranes line body surfaces that open directly to the body’s exterior? A. Cutaneous B. Mucous C. Serous D. Exocrine 15.Skin cells produce which tough, fibrous protein? A. Collagen B. Elastin C. Melanin D. Keratin

16.Which glands secrete sweat onto the skin’s surface?

Midterm A Practice Quiz

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A. Apocrine glands B. Eccrine glands C. Sebaceous glands D. Ceruminous glands 17.A 36-year-old woman comes to the emergency department after being exposed to steam from a broken water heater. She describes extreme pain. The skin on her face is red with white patches, swollen, and beginning to blister. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. First-degree burn B. Second-degree burn C. Third-degree burn D. A severe scalding injury 18.Which of the following are functions of bone? Choose all that apply. A. Electrolyte balance B. Blood production C. Acid-base balance D. Regulation of blood glucose 19.What is the purpose of the dens (odontoid process)? A. It allows the head to nod back and forth. B. It allows the head to swivel from side to side. C. It balances the skull on top of the vertebral column. D. It is an attachment point for ligaments. 20.To form the hip joint, the head of the femur rests in the: A. ilium. B. ischium. C. obturator foramen. D. acetabulum.

21.Most of the joints in the body are:

Midterm A Practice Quiz

A. fibrous joints. B. synovial joints. C. cartilaginous joints. D. synarthroses. 22.During muscle contraction, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases which substance? A. Calcium B. Acetylcholine C. ATP D. Acetylcholinesterase 23.The most numerous of all glial cells are: A. microglia. B. astrocytes. C. Schwann cells. D. ependymal cells. 24.Which neurons detect sensations (such as touch or heat) and relay information about the stimuli to the central nervous system? A. Efferent neurons B. Interneurons C. Afferent neurons D. Schwann cells 25.What is another term for nerve impulse? A. Repolarization B. Resting potential C. Depolarization D. Action potential

26.Bundles of axons within the white matter that serve as routes of communication to and from the brain are called:

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

A. ganglions. B. fascicles. C. tracts. D. plexuses. 27.Which statement about gray matter is true? A. It is charged with thought, learning, and reasoning. B. It forms the interior of the brain. C. It consists of myelinated fibers. D. It secretes cerebrospinal fluid. 28.The cardiac and respiratory centers are found in the: A. pons. B. cerebellum. C. diencephalon. D. medulla oblongata. 30.The limbic system is charged with: A. emotion and learning. B. identifying the location of pain. C. planning muscle movements to form words. D. determining muscle movements to perform a task. 31.Which of the following is an action of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Increase heart rate B. Constrict bronchial tubes C. Stimulate sweat glands D. Inhibit intestinal motility

32.The effect produced by a neurotransmitter is ultimately determined by: A. the amount of neurotransmitter released.

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

B. the type of neurotransmitter released. C. the type of receptor. D. the number of receptors. 33.Which inner ear structure contains the structures for hearing? A. Vestibule B. Semicircular canals C. Cochlea D. Auricle 34.Which is a characteristic of endocrine glands? A. They employ neurotransmitters to relay messages. B. Ducts carry their secretions to the body’s surface. C. They exert a long-lasting effect. D. They respond quickly to stimuli. 35.A key difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary is that the posterior pituitary: A. consists of glandular tissue. B. secretes hormones under the direction of the hypothalamus. C. receives hormones from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system. D. stores hormones released from the hypothalamus. 36.Which endocrine gland has a role in the immune system? A. Thymus B. Thyroid C. Pineal D. Pituitary

37.The chief role of insulin is to: A. stimulate cells to take up glucose.

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

B. stimulate the liver to break down stored glycogen. C. stimulate the pancreas to release glucagon. D. trigger the conversion of fatty acids and amino acids into glucose. 38.What is the extracellular matrix of blood? A. Hemoglobin B. Red blood cells C. Plasma D. Serum 39.The sac surrounding the heart is the: A. epicardium. B. endocardium. C. myocardium. D. pericardium. 40.Which heart valve controls the flow of blood between the left atrium and the left ventricle? A. Pulmonary valve B. Aortic valve C. Tricuspid valve D. Mitral valve 41.Which great vessel supplies blood to the right atrium? A. Superior and inferior vena cavae B. Aorta C. Pulmonary artery D. Pulmonary veins

42.Capillaries release oxygen and take up carbon dioxide from surrounding tissues through the process of: A. osmosis.

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

B. filtration. C. diffusion. D. colloid osmotic pressure. 43.Which condition would you expect to accompany atherosclerosis, a disorder in which arteries lose elasticity and fatty material builds up inside the vessels? A. Irregular heartbeat B. Low blood pressure C. Increased blood viscosity D. High blood pressure 44.What forms the basis of lymphatic fluid? A. Tissue fluid left behind after capillary exchange B. Secretions of lymph nodes C. Secretions from the cells lining lymphatic capillaries D. Plasma 45.In which lymphatic organ do T cells mature? A. Red bone marrow B. Tonsils C. Spleen D. Thymus 46.Which is an important white blood cell that travels throughout the bloodstream seeking out bacteria? A. Macrophage B. Phagocyte C. Neutrophil D. Phagosome

47.Which statement about nonspecific immunity is true? A. It is an acquired immunity. B. It offers protection against a particular pathogen.

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

C. It is present at birth. D. It retains a memory of a pathogen after defeating it. 48.What is the main muscle responsible for pulmonary ventilation? A. Abdominals B. External intercostals C. Diaphragm D. Internal intercostals 49.The primary way oxygen is transported in the blood is: A. in the form of bicarbonate. B. in the form of carbaminohemoglobin. C. in the form of oxyhemoglobin. D. dissolved in plasma. 50.Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and leave the kidney from the: A. renal pelvis. B. hilum. C. calyx. D. renal pyramid. 51.What are the filtration units of the kidney? A. Renal corpuscle B. Glomerulus C. Nephron D. Renal pelvis

52.What determines the amount and direction of fluid that flows between body compartments? A. The volume of fluid in one of the compartments B. The concentration of solutes

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

C. The pH of the fluid D. The concentration of hydrogen ions in the fluid 53.What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the body? A. It stimulates the thirst center. B. It produces a dry mouth. C. It prompts the kidneys to excrete more water. D. It prompts the kidneys to reabsorb more water. 54.Which condition results when the body eliminates more water than sodium? A. Edema B. Dehydration C. Water intoxication D. Volume depletion 55.What is the main cation of extracellular fluid? A. Potassium B. Sodium C. Chloride D. Calcium 56.The layer of the digestive tract that contracts and relaxes to propel food forward is the: A. mucosa. B. muscularis. C. submucosa. D. serosa.

57.Which enzyme acts in the mouth to begin the breakdown of starch? A. Amylase B. Pepsin C. Trypsin

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Midterm A Practice Quiz

D. Sucrase 58.What is the purpose of rugae? A. Secrete gastric juice B. Propel food residue through the small intestine C. Allow the stomach to expand D. Help break food into small particles 59.What is the purpose of the gallbladder? A. Secrete pancreatic enzymes B. Produce digestive enzymes C. Produce bile D. Store bile 60.Most nutrients are absorbed in the: A. stomach. B. small intestine. C. large intestine. D. mouth.

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