Midterm EXAM Review Criminal Justice PDF

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MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW CRIJ 2313 Correction Systems and Practices.

1. Please review the history and focus of the Walnut Street Jail. First penitentiary, wore mask, no communication, complete solitary, hard labor, strict discipline, bible study, serve penance for their crime. 2. Please know how correctional agencies accomplish their mission. Re-performing their behavior, surveillance and control. Protection of Society -> Incarceration -> Surveillance and Control -> Treatment and Rehabilitation. 3. Please review the information on the Industrial reformatory era, rehabilitative era and retributive era.  



era,

Industrial Era (1910-1935) – prison industries; Emphasis on work and producing for sale, were making profits and selling them. Reformatory Era (1870-1910) – Emphasis on education and vocational programs; Replaced the Auburn System, focus was to provide education and vocational programs. •Rehabilitative Era (1960 – 1980) – adoption of the medical model of criminality; Adoption of the Medical Model of criminality, emphasis on treatment programs •Retributive Era (1980s – Modern Times) – tough on crime, longer sentences; Emphasis on incapacitation and tough on crime laws, mass imprisonment

4. Please review the characteristics of the Classical and the Positive school of criminology. Classical: we use classical Cessare Beccaria

• • • • • •

Free Will Deterrence Hedonism Punishment should prevent crime) Certainty & Swiftness (more than severity) Best way to deter crime

Positive: Cesare Lombroso, Biology • Non-Free Will

• Biological Causes of Crime • Punishment should fit the criminal • Beyond control • Biology (XY chromosome) • He is saying that criminals are born • Atavism – big fore head and long arms, the throwback to the caveman features

5. Please review the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems. •Auburn System – congregate labor and silent operation of prisons, in which inmates were allowed to work together during the day, but had to stay separate and silent at other times; work in groups, repentance & hard labor, adopted by other states, and fewer mental problems. •Pennsylvania System – separate and silent system of prison operations emphasizing reformation and avoidance of criminal contamination; hard labor within cells, caused mental problems, 6. Please define bail, surety and release on recognizance. Please know some of the issues with bail. • Bail – the pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing. • Surety – a person who is legally liable for the conduct of another; someone who guarantees the accused person’s appearance in court.  Release on Recognizance – release from jail based only on the defendant’s promise to appear further court procedures. **people can’t all afford bail, some bonds are higher depending on the crime. 7. Please know the characteristics of the 14th and 8 th amendments. 14th amendment = equal rights; providing due process to individuals charged with crime, 8 th amendment = prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment may be inflicted The 8th and 14th amendments forbid the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who are under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed. They are the primary amendments that are used as a basis of lawsuits by prison inmates.

8. Please know the elements of plea bargaining. cons.

List pros and

Plea Bargaining: The agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentenced in comparison to the sentence allowable for the changed offense. • Defendant enters plea or guilty to lesser charge • Prosecutor agrees to lesser sentence • Prosecutor agrees to dismiss some charges in exchange for a guilty plea to others • Prosecutor gets conviction without cost of trial ***Without plea bargaining, the criminal justice system would come to a complete halt Pros: it is fast, resources, get more cases through, conviction rate will be higher, quicker, you save money. Cons: Sentence doesn’t fit the crime, less time served, the victim may feel like they didn’t get their “just desserts” 9. Please review the Manhattan Bail Project.

A program started in the 1960s to assist judges in identifying individuals who were good candidates to be released on their own recognizance without commercial or monetary bond. • Project helped judges identify those who were suitable for pretrial release to address jail overcrowding • Project successfully reduced overcrowding and met public’s concern for supervision of pretrial offenders.

First one to formalized the Bail process, happened in New York

10. Please know the purposes of the presentence investigation. A report used during the sentencing process that details the background of a convicted offender, to include criminal social, education, employment, mental and physical health, and other significant factors. •Used in sentencing by the court •Determining supervision needs during probation •For research purposes •Used by the parole board in making release decisions

•Used by prison officials in classifying offenders and determining program needs **Prior criminal history, Employment, Education, Personal History

11. Please review information on truth-in sentencing. A form of determinate sentences that has gained popularity over the past two decades. In the 1980s, Congress encouraged states to adopt truth in sentencing, which requires completion of 85% of the sentence before prisoners are eligible for release. 12. Please review information on John Augustus. He was the father of probation. John Augustus became the “father” of probation when, 1841, he convinced the local court to release into his care a man who had been charged with a crime. At the time of his death in 1859, he had ailed out more than 1800 inmates who were awaiting trial, helping them to find housing and employment.

13. Please know the standards conditions of probation. Check with P.O, Pay fees, maintain a job, drug urine analysis, stay in city, no crime, no illicitated activity Remain within jurisdiction -> Report to PO as directed -> Maintain Employment -> Refrain from excessive use of alcohol; no drugs -> don’t commit any crimes 14.Please review the split sentencing, boot camps and paying restitution. • Split Sentences – Combination of short jail sentence and then return to the community on continued probation • Restitution – Paying for harm to victims and society (restoration • Boot Camps – Correctional boot camps are similar to military boot camps.  Short Hair  Shined Shoes  Uniforms  Discipline  Exercise  Hard work

15.List the reasons for the increase in prison populations the last 30 years. -Tough on crime, war on drugs, longer sentencing came from the politicians that were campaigning on these issues, Public more fearful of crime.

16.Please list the challenges faced by offenders upon release from prison. • • • • •

Progress in Prisoner reentry Treatment Job Training Education Mentoring Early release for older inmates 17.What do parole officers do? A parole officer monitors and provides guidance to convicts who are released from confinement before the official end of their sentences. This early release is often based on good behavior or post-sentencing information or statements provided by attorneys.

18.Please review the early history of History of Parole 1840 – Alexander Maconochie (British penal colony) • Advocated indeterminate sentences (open-ended) • Developed a “mark system” where inmates could earn early release; allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior 1854 – Sir Walter Crofton (Director, Irish Penal System) • Created a four-stage system of graduated release • Inmate who were released early from confinement had low rates of recidivism • System worked well and receive internationally parole....