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Sofia Learning - History Milestone 1 test question / answer...

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The New Deal transformed the Democratic Party. Choose one example of this transformation.  The racial policies of the new Democratic Party alienated many African American voters, especially in the South.  Members of the upper class and business groups and northern white protestants joined the Democratic Party.  Labor unions and organizers were firmly in the Democrat camp after the National Labor Relations Act was enacted.  The Democratic Party became associated with less spending on domestic programs and fewer restrictions on business.

RATIONALE Under Franklin Roosevelt’s leadership, the Democratic Party gradually transformed into a new political coalition. Workers and labor unions shifted their loyalties to the Democratic Party in the 1930s due to the attention paid by the Roosevelt administration to issues of unemployment and labor's bargaining rights.

CONCEPT Challenges to the New Deal

2

Which statement is most likely to have been spoken by W.E.B. Du Bois, reflecting his approach to black equality in the Progressive Era?  “I call for immediate and uncompromising activism for African American civil rights in order to achieve social progress.”  "The best path forward is to provide for our economic welfare by excelling in agriculture, domestic service and other trades."  “The burden of change is upon us, the African American community; we are responsible for our own success.”

 "We must seek to build trust with our white neighbors in the South."

RATIONALE CONCEPT What it Means to be a Progressive

3

What was one purpose of the Glass-Steagall Act, which was part of Franklin Roosevelt’s First New Deal?  To allow banks to form independent financial holding companies  To prohibit commercial banks from engaging in investment banking  To require federal agencies to assess and evaluate banking practices  To place commercial banks under temporary federal jurisdiction

RATIONALE The Glass-Steagall Act, or Banking Act of 1934, sought to reform the banking industry to create better long-term stability. It separated commercial banking and investment banking, among other provisions.

CONCEPT Roosevelt's New Deal

4

Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” had three main components, one of which was consumer protections. What else was included in his plan?  Direct aid to the poor  Tax reform  Federal oversight of public lands 

Agricultural subsidies

CONCEPT Theodore Roosevelt

5

Consider the photograph titled, “One of the pioneer women of the Oklahoma Panhandle dust bowl,” taken by Arthur Rothstein in April 1936. Why does the photographer call the woman in the image a “pioneer?”  She represents the greed associated with over-farming and land speculation.  She reinforces the traditional American values of persistence and hard work in the face of adversity.  She epitomizes the plight of American farmers on the Great Plains.  She symbolizes those Americans leaving their homes and starting over elsewhere.

RATIONALE Everyday Americans endured the Great Depression in a variety of ways, depending on their race, gender, region or class, among others. Many American farmers, who faced economic hardship and an environmental catastrophe known as the Dust Bowl, chose to remain on the land and continue working it. Calling this woman a "pioneer" linked her to past Americans who endured hardships and persisted on the frontier in the face of adversity.

CONCEPT Enduring the Great Depression

6

Which of the following statements best describes the Reservationists' stance toward the Treaty of Versailles?  “We oppose this treaty on all grounds.”  “We support this treaty as it is written.”

 “We support this treaty with amendments.”  “We oppose this treaty on partisan grounds.”

RATIONALE American ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, including its provisions on the League of Nations, provoked heated debate in Congress. A group of Republican congressmen known as Reservationists appeared willing to approve the treaty, following some amendment. They were opposed by Irreconcilables, who flatly opposed ratifying the treaty, and Congressional Democrats, who staunchly supported the full terms of the treaty.

CONCEPT Woodrow Wilson's Vision: America and the League of Nations

7

The Red Scare was a period following World War I in which Americans began to limit radical dissent. Which event is a consequence of the Red Scare?  Americans became concerned about the Russian Revolution.  Labor union members of Russian descent were deported to the Soviet Union.  Radical groups and labor unions raided the offices of federal agents.  Prices for consumer goods doubled within just a few years.

RATIONALE The Red Scare—the period following World War I in which Americans restricted and discriminated against radical dissent—was preceded by the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, one of the most significant periods of labor unrest in U.S. history, and increased fear of violence by anarchists and other radicals. During this period of fear and intolerance, thousands of suspected radicals, including 250 members of the Union of Russian Workers, were deported.

CONCEPT The Significance of 1919

8

Study the political cartoon published in Puck in 1899: All of the following are aspects of U.S. foreign policy during the Progressive Era represented in this political cartoon EXCEPT __________.  white superiority  imperialism  unilaterialism  dollar diplomacy

CONCEPT American Foreign Policy in the Progressive Era

9

Youth in urban areas during the Roaring ’20s adopted a new morality. What was one of the features of this new morality?  A challenge to traditional gender roles  A rejection of consumer culture  A reinvigorated interest in hard work and responsibility  A concern for natural conservation

CONCEPT The Roaring 20's: A New Generation

10

Choose the true statement about Progressives or the Progressive era. 

Progressives were mainly white women who were determined to get corruption out of politics.  Progressives supported regulation of the market economy and efforts on behalf of social justice.  Progressives favored government ownership of businesses to curb the excesses of capitalism.  African American Progressives were united in their vision for how to improve race relations in the United States.

CONCEPT Grass Roots Progressivism

11

What was a cause of the Great Depression?  Credit was difficult to come by in the 1920s, so few Americans could purchase property or consumer goods.  France and Great Britain were unable to repay loans American banks had extended them during the war and were unable to collect reparations from Germany.  Incomes began to stagnate and many Americans were in debt.  Immigrants had arrived in large numbers during the previous decade and taken many low-paying jobs, leaving many Americans unemployed.

CONCEPT The Beginnings of the Great Depression

12

When the United States entered World War I, anti-alcohol groups saw the opportunity to enact a national Prohibition amendment for which of the following reasons? 

Military leadership came out in support of the amendment as a critical part of the war effort.  They thought grain should not be used to make beer and liquor when soldiers overseas needed food.  Anti-liquor advocates organized hunger strikes outside of the White House.  Public sentiment turned against Wilson, who had long opposed the Prohibition amendment.

CONCEPT Progressivism and the First World War

13

Which event from the 1920s is associated with the resurgence of American nativism during that decade?  The Butler Act  The publication of The Great Gatsby  The execution of Sacco and Vanzetti  The Scopes Monkey trial

RATIONALE One example of the resistance to the modernization of the 1920s was an increase in nativism, or anti-immigration sentiment. The conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists, was an example of the increase in nativism during this decade.

CONCEPT The Roaring 20's: A Nervous Generation

14

During the 1920s, W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey were early proponents of an ideology known as Pan-Africanism.

What was a key way in which Garvey's beliefs differed from that of Du Bois?  Garvey was frustrated over the racism he witnessed and experienced in the United States.  Garvey celebrated African American culture and encouraged racial pride.  Garvey rejected the notion that African Americans had a distinct racial identity.  Garvey believed that black and white Americans were incapable of working together to overcome racism.

RATIONALE Garvey and Du Bois shared a number of beliefs associated with Pan-Africanism. However, Garvey was less optimistic about the possibility that African American communities could overcome racism and injustice in America. He was skeptical of cooperation with white Americans and, as a result, promoted a “Back to Africa” movement to return African Americans to a presumably more welcoming home in Africa.

CONCEPT The Harlem Renaissance

15

Progressives pushed for democratic reforms in party politics, which included allowing party members, rather than delegates, to nominate candidates for office. What is the term for this reform?  The commission system  The direct primary system  The recall system  The initiative system

CONCEPT Grass Roots Progressivism

16

Read the sentence from a Chicago newspaper account of a race riot during the Red Summer. Some of the victims were chased, caught and dragged into alleys and lots, where they were left for dead. In all parts of the city, white mobs dragged from surface cars, black passengers wholly ignorant of any trouble, and set upon them. The writer of this account was most likely sympathetic to which group?  Chicago's working class  Chicago's black population  Chicago's white population  Chicago's police

RATIONALE This article describes a race riot that occurred in Chicago in the summer of 1919 when a white mob stoned a young black boy to death because he swam too close to the “white beach” on Lake Michigan. The Chicago Defender, from which this excerpt comes, was the city’s leading African American newspaper. The language describing "white mobs" attacking "black passengers wholly ignorant of any trouble," who were "chased, caught and dragged into alleys and lots, where they were left for dead," suggests that the author is sympathetic to Chicago's black population.

CONCEPT The Significance of 1919

17

Which of the statements reflects President Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great Depression? 

“Rather than being paralyzed by fear, we must act now to resolve the banking crisis and other problems associated with the Great Depression.”  “I oppose the Federal Emergency Relief Act because it interferes with the balance of power between states and the federal government.”  "The American tradition of rugged individualism can't possibly see the nation and its people through this challenging time."  "The federal government must step in to provide direct assistance to Americans until this crisis fades."

CONCEPT Federal Responses to the Great Depression

18

Many historians have argued that the New Deal changed American politics and governance. Which statement supports this argument?  Most Americans rejected the expansion of government power and regulation that occurred during the New Deal.  Franklin Roosevelt’s “fireside chats” inspired the public’s faith in the presidency, which lasted beyond his administration.  Franklin Roosevelt’s weak political skills were offset by the combined manpower and long-lasting expertise of his “brain trusts.”  The balance of power within the three branches of government shifted, with Congress emerging as a more influential body.

CONCEPT Interpreting the New Deal as an Historian

19

Select a factor that shifted American foreign policy toward imperialism in the 1890s.

 Major European nations were beginning the process of decolonization.  Navy officials supported the acquisition of Pacific islands to establish bases and coaling stations.  American businessmen reduced their investments in mining and railroad ventures in Mexico.  The U.S. government hoped to attract more immigrants to boost the American population.

CONCEPT The Origins of American Imperialism

20

President Franklin Roosevelt oversaw both a First New Deal and a Second New Deal to curb the Great Depression. Choose the action that was part of his First New Deal.  The National Labor Relations Act reformed labor relations by protecting American workers’ right to unionize and bargain collectively for wages and benefits.  The Social Security Act established a permanent safety net to help the most vulnerable Americans, including the elderly, the disabled and single parents.  To put Americans back to work quickly, the Public Works Administration contracted with private companies to build highways, bridges and military bases.  The Works Progress Administration provided jobs for more than eight million unemployed workers over an eight-year span.

CONCEPT Roosevelt's New Deal

21

Why did President Theodore Roosevelt use the power of his office to advance Progressive reform?

 He believed in granting more power to the individual states.  He believed that corporations should be the backbone of the U.S. economy.  The voting public desired a Progressive alternative to the policies of William McKinley.  His prior experiences led him to sympathize with many of the goals of the Progressive movement.

CONCEPT Theodore Roosevelt

22

Choose the region where the United States acquired territory after the Spanish-American War of 1898.  Europe  South America  Pacific Ocean  Africa

CONCEPT The Creation of an American Empire

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The cartoon above was printed in 1907 in the Washington Evening Star. Uncle Sam offers a baseball bat called "National Big Stick" to a player in a Nationals uniform, a reference to President Theodore Roosevelt's big stick diplomacy. Roosevelt had recently offered the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, an example of his big stick approach, in 1904. He was also continuing work in the Panama Canal in 1906. Teddy bear, a reference to Roosevelt, assures the player that "it's a victory getter, all right!"

How does this cartoon depict the state of American foreign policy in the early 1900s?  The American government was taking an aggressive foreign policy stance backed by military power, which is represented by the "National Big Stick."  The American people were attempting to influence foreign policy through diplomatic channels by promoting sports competitions between nations, referred to as the "National Big Stick."  The American people did not care for international affairs and wanted to focus their attention on baseball, the favorite national sport.  The American government was tiring of efforts to influence international events and was looking to scale back its military, in a sense retiring its "National Big Stick."

CONCEPT The Origins of American Imperialism

24

President Wilson’s stance on American neutrality in World War I changed between 1914 and 1917. Which event occurred most proximate to Wilson's request to Congress to declare war?  The value of American exports to the Allied powers reached $3 billion.  Germany launched attacks on military and merchant ships around Great Britain.  Britain suffered massive causalities in the Battle of the Somme.  Germany broke its promise to restrict its use of submarine warfare and sank the Laconia.

RATIONALE In February 1917, two months before the U.S. entered the war, Germany broke its promise to limit submarine warfare, sinking five American merchant ships. This, along

with the discover of the Zimmermann Telegram, prompted Wilson to request a declaration of war from Congress....