MINI project Final Document on simulation of 3 level inverter using matlab PDF

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A Project Report OnSIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING MATLAB Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Academic Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical and Electronics Engineering Submitted By: PIYUSH VARMA (18H55A0221) CH (18H55A0205) K (17H51...

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A Project Report On

SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE MULTILEVEL INVERTER USING MATLAB Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Academic Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical and Electronics Engineering Submitted By: 1. PIYUSH VARMA (18H55A0221) 2. CH.SRUTHI (18H55A0205) 3. K.RAHUL

(17H51A0227)

Under the esteemed guidance of Mr. V. RAMUDU Assistant Professor, EEE Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (AUTONOMOUS) (NAAC Accredited with’A’Grade & NBA Accredited)

(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad, All B.Tech Programs Accredited by NBA) KANDLAKOYA, MEDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD –501401, TS. 2020-21

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CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOG Y (AUTONOMOUS) (NAAC Accredited with ’A’ Grade& NBA Accredited) (Approved by AICTE, permanently affiliated to JNUH Hyderabad) KANDLAKOYA, MEDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD - 501401

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ANDELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled " SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE MUTILEVEL INVERYER USING MATLAB” is a bonafide work done by 1.PIYUSH VARMA (18H55A0221) 2.CH.SRUTHI (18H55A0205) 3. K.RAHUL(17H51A0227)

in partial fulfilment of the academic

requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad during the period 2019-20.

Internal Guide:

Head of the Department

Mr .V.RAMUDU

Prof.G.DEVADASU

Ass.Prof.(CMRCET)

EEE

CMRCET

CMRCET 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With great pleasure we want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the people who helped in making this project work a grand success. We are grateful to Mr.V.RAMUDU, Assistant Professor, Department Of EEE, CMRCET for his valuable suggestions and guidance given by him during the execution of this project work. We would like to thank Prof.G.DEVADASU, Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for being moral support throughout the period of our study in CMRCET. First of all we are highly indebted to Principal Major Dr. V A Narayana

for

giving us the permission to carry out this project. We would like to thank the Teaching & Non- teaching staff of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Department for sharing their knowledge with us. Last but not the least, we express our sincere thanks to Mr. Ch. Gopal Reddy, Secretary, CMR group of institutions, for his continuous care towards our achievements. SIGNATURE 1. Piyush Varma (18H55A0221) 2. Ch.Sruthi (18H55A0205) 3. K.Rahul (17H51A0227)

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INDEX DESCRIPTION

Page No

ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER -1: INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER -2: MULTI-LEVEL INVERTER

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2.1: WHAT IS AN INVERTER

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2.2: MULTI-LEVEL INVERTERS

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2.3: ADVANTAGE OF MULTI LEVEL INVERTERS

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CHAPTER -3: THREE-LEVEL INVERTER CIRCUIT

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CHAPTER -4: MATLAB

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4.1: MATLAB’S POWER COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS

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4.2: FEATURES OF MATLAB

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4.3: USES OF MATLAB

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4.4: ENVIRONMENT

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4.5: BASIC SYNTAX

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CHAPTER -5: ARDUINO UNO

27

5.1: BOARD DESCRIPTION

28

5.2: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

32

5.3: PIN DESCRIPTION

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5.4: HOW TO USE ARDUINO BOARD

35

5.5: ARDUINO ARCHITECTURE

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5.6: ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO TECHNOLOGY

39 4

5.7: APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER -6: ARDUINO SOFTWARE

40 42

CHAPTER -7: HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INVERTER

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CHAPTER-8: RESULT AND FEATURES

56

CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure

Title

2.1

GENERAL DC-AC INVERTER CIRCUIT

3.1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SINGLE PHASE 3 LEVEL INVERTER

4.1

3-LEVEL H-BRIDGE INVERTER SIMULATION DIAGRAM

4.2

3-LEVEL H-BRIDGE INVERTER OUTPUT WAVEFORM

5.1

ARDUINO UNO DIAGRAM

5.2

ARDUINO DIAGRAM

5.3

ARCHITECTURE OF ARDUINO

5.4

PIN DIAGRAM OF ARDUINO

7.1

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF 3-LEVEL INVERTER

7.2

3-LEVEL INVERTER HARDWARE CIRCUIT BOARD

7.3

HARDWARE SET-UP OF 3-LEVEL INVERTER WITH R-LOAD

7.4

MICRO-CONTROLLER OUTPUT

7.5

OUTPUT OF DRIVER CIRCUIT

7.6

HARDWARE SET-UP OF 3-LEVEL INVERTER WITH SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AS A LOAD

7.7

OUTPUT VOLTAGE ACROSS LOAD

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ABSTRACT This paper imparts an outline on three level multi-level H-Bridge inverter topologies and discusses their appropriateness in single-phase systems. The Alternating voltage with structure of staircase waveform can be generated from various levels of voltages in three level Multilevel Inverter. This is similar to sinusoidal waveform with low harmonic distortion. This type of three level Multilevel Inverter reduces filter requirements. The need of several sources on the DC side of the converter makes three level multilevel technology promising for renewable energy applications. Several industries and Power sector are using three level H-bridge inverter for modern technical development. It has several benefits over two-level inverter so they are preferred in renewable energy applications. This paper presents the study of three level H-bridge inverter in single phase system. Power quality issue of harmonics is discussed for three level. Simulation has been done for various levels of voltages acquiring control signals. Matlab is used to simulate all configuration and their results are shown.

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION In high power systems, the multilevel inverters can appropriately replace the existing system that uses traditional multi-pulse converters without the need of the transformers. All the three multilevel inverter topologies can be used in reactive power compensation without having the voltage winding and several secondary windings, the cascade H-bridge configuration can be used in back-to-back intertie application. Also the structure of separate dc sources is well suited for various renewable energy sources such as fuel cell, photovoltaic, biomass etc. This structure is therefore well suited for an ac power supply in vehicle system utilities. The key features of a multi-level structure are as follows Harmonic content decreases as the number of levels increases thus reducing the filtering requirements. Here switching losses can be avoided (because of the absence of PWM techniques) without an increase in the rating of an individual device, the output Voltage and power can be increased. The switching disservices do not encounter any voltage sharing problems. For this reason, multilevel inverters can easily be applied for high power applications such as large motor drivers and utility supplies. They have higher efficiency because the devices can be switched at Low frequency. Because of the key feature, they have become indispensable in high power and high voltage applications unbalance problem. With the help of a transformer having one primary.

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CHAPTER-2 MULTILEVEL INVERTER 2.1 What is an inverter? The Inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternate current (AC). The inverter is used for emergency backup power in a home. The inverter is used in some aircraft systems to convert a portion of the aircraft DC power to AC. The AC power is used mainly for electrical devices like lights, radar, radio, motor, and other devices.

2.2 Multilevel Inverters: Now a day’s many industrial applications have begun to require high power. Some appliances in the industries, however, require medium or low power for their operation. Using a high power source for all industrial loads may prove beneficial to some motors requiring high power, while it may damage the other loads. Some medium voltage motor drives and utility applications require medium voltage. The multi-level inverter has been introduced since 1975 as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations. The Multilevel inverter is like an inverter and it is used for industrial applications as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations.

Figure 2.1

General DC-AC Inverter Circuit: The need for the multilevel converter is to give high output power from the medium voltage source. Sources like batteries, super capacitors, the solar panel are medium voltage sources. The multi-level inverter consists of several switches. In the multi-level inverter, the arrangement switches’ angles are very important. 9

2.3 Advantages of Multi-level Inverter: Some of other advantages of multilevel inverters are • Better voltage waveform: using multilevel inverter, one can achieve better voltage waveform. • Switching frequency can be reduced further for the PWM operation. • High voltage using low rating devices: using multilevel inverter, high AC voltage can be generated using low voltage rating devices. In case of traditional inverters, the number of switches is fewer than MLI. Therefore, high rating switches are required which are available in limited amount and are much expensive. MLI inverters have many switches where each switch is responsible for a small level of voltage and control current to some extent. Instead of controlling a huge level of voltage as in case of traditional two-level inverter. • Reduce the filter size because the wave generated by multilevel inverter is near to a required sinusoidal wave so there will be a smaller number of harmonics. The filter size is inversely proportional to the number of harmonics required to be removed. The output wave of MLI has a smaller number of harmonics. Therefore, smaller filters are enough for removing harmonics. • Better power Quality: Multi level inverters provide relatively better power quality. • Low THD: As the output wave become smoother, the total harmonic distortion reduces. The output wave of MLI is near to pure sinusoidal wave, so in this case, the THD reduces. • Low switching losses: losses are directly proportional to frequency. The main switching losses are due to the overlapping of voltage and current. According to P=VI, there will be no loss if one of them is zero. The inverse relationship between current and voltage shows that after switching on, the current will start increasing while voltage will decrease. In case of turning-off the switch, the voltage will increase and current will decrease. The time of interference between current and voltage will be maximum if the transition time is maximum. Though inverters are needed to be operated with maximum frequency for better response, but the amount of losses will be uncontrollable. In case of multilevel inverters, these switching losses can be reduced. • Reduced losses by low on-state voltage and off-state leakage current.

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CHAPTER-3 LEVEL INVERTER CIRCUIT One of development in the solar power plant technology is the inverter design for solar power plant that can be stand alone or connect to the grid [2]-[3]. The basic design of inverter can be seen in Fig. 1. The T1-T4 are solid state components that act like switching device. The solid state component that be used in inverter are transistor, IGBT, MOSFET, or SCR. The output of the inverter is AC voltage with zero DC component. Therefore, it contain harmonics. The low pass filter is installed in the inverter output to reduce the high frequency harmonics. This harmonics cause some problem in output inverter such as power quality, degradation of equipment, and sinusoidal waveform quality. Moreover, the output inverter must can match with grid system, VDC T1 T4 T3 T2 + VO - D1 D2 D3 D4 IO Figure 1. Basic configuration of DC to AC Inverter According to that issue, there are some research about single phase inverter design was done by [4], [5], [6], and [7]. The drive circuit and control are common problem that appear in inverter. The output of inverter must have good characteristics and can match with the grid. The brain of single phase inverter are microcontroller as main controller with different technique. The improved DC-AC converter was use opto-coupler as connector between controller and solid state component [8], [9], and [10]. Therefore, the losses in this optocoupler was identified and must to reduce in order to have a good efficiency and reliable design. The losses in this part can be reduced by design in good grounding and link connection [8]. The inverter design in [4]-[9] are still have quality DC problem and control technique. In practical, there are a dead time that is required to avoid shoot-through faults; short circuit across the DC rail. The dead time creates low frequency envelope that make low frequency harmonics emerged. This is the main source of distortion for high quality sine wave inverter. Therefore, the inverter design by [6] and [7] was be combined to have a good quality power. In this paper, the design of totem pole inverter is proposed for reduced losses and improve stability. The PWM was generated by Arduino microcontroller with short delay.

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The paper is organized as follows: In the next section, a brief review of propose design of Totem Pole Inverter are presented. In Section III presents implementation of Totem Pole Inverter and discussion of the results. Finally, the conclusions are made in section IV. II. PROPOSE DESIGN OF TOTEM POLE INVERTER Inverter is an electronic device that is used to convert the direct signal into alternating signal. The output of the inverter can be either an AC voltage with sine wave form (sine wave), a square wave (square wave) and sine modification (Modified Sine Wave). Semiconductor devices that are widely used MOSFET, IGBT, and Thyristor. The low and medium power application can be used square wave and for high power application be used sine waves.

Figure:-3.1 The above inverter is simulated using MATLAB software. The process of downloading, setting up and using the MATLAB is explained below.

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CHAPTER-4 MATLAB MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a fourth-generation high-level programming language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization and programming. MATLAB is developed by Math Works.

It allows matrix manipulations; plotting of functions and data; implementation of algorithms; creation of user interfaces; interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and FORTRAN; analyse data; develop algorithms; and create models and applications. It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help you in mathematical calculations, generating plots, and performing numerical methods.

4.1 MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics MATLAB is used in every facet of computational mathematics. Following are some commonly used mathematical calculations where it is used most commonly: • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Dealing with Matrices and Arrays 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics Linear Algebra Algebraic Equations Non-linear Functions Statistics Data Analysis Calculus and Differential Equations Numerical Calculations Integration Transforms Curve Fitting Various other special functions

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4.2 Features of MATLAB Following are the basic features of MATLAB: • It is a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and application development. • It also provides an interactive environment for iterative exploration, design and problem solving. • It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra, statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical integration and solving ordinary differential equations. • It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots. • MATLAB's programming interface gives development tools for improving code quality, maintainability, and maximizing performance. • It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical interfaces. • It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with external applications and languages such as C, Java, .NET and Microsoft Excel.

4.3 Uses of MATLAB MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science and engineering encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, math and all engineering streams. It is used in a range of applications including: Signal processing and Communications • Image and video Processing • Control systems • Test and measurement • Computational finance • Computational biology

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4.4 ENVIRONMENT Local Environment Setup Setting up MATLAB environment is a matter of few clicks. The installer can be downloaded from http://in.mathworks.com/downloads/web_downloads: Math Works provides the licensed product, a trial version and a student version as well. You need to log into the site and wait a little for their approval. After downloading the installer the software can be installed through few clicks The following steps are to be followed to complete the process.

Figure:- 4.1

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Figure:-4.2

Understanding the MATLAB Environment MATLAB development IDE can be launched from the icon created on the desktop. The main working window in MATLAB is called the desktop. When MATLAB is started, the desktop appears in its default layout :

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Figure:-4.3 The desktop has the following panels: Current Folder- This panel allows you to access the project folders and files.

Figure:-4.4

Command Window- This is the main area where commands can be entered at the command line. It is indicated by the command prompt (>>).

Figure:-4.5

Workspace -The workspace shows all the variables created and/or imported from files.

Figure:-4.6 17

History Command- This panel shows or rerun commands that are entered at the command line.

Figure:-4.7

4.5BASIC SYNTAX MATLAB environment behaves like a super-complex calculator. You can enter commands at the >> command prompt. MATLAB is an interpreted environment. In other words, you give a command and MATLAB executes it right away. Hands

on Practice Type a valid expression, for example, 5+5 And press ENTER When you click the Execute button, or type Ctrl+E, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is: ans = 10 Let us take up few more examples: 3 ^ 2 % 3 raised to the power of 2 When you click the Execute button, or type Ctrl+E, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is: ans = 9

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Another example, sin(pi /2) % sine of angle 90o When you click the Execute button, or type Ctrl+E, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is: ans = 1

Another example, 7/0 % Divide by zero When you click the Execute button, or type Ctrl+E, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is: ans = Inf warning: division by zero

Another example, 732 * 20.3 When you click the Execute button, or type Ctrl+E, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is: ans = 1.4860e+04 MATLAB provides some special expressions for some math...