Models and Theories Worksheet PDF

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Human Geography models and theories worksheet checked, revised and graded. ...

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URSP 102 AP Human Geography Models and Theories Directions: Cut and paste the bullet points into the correct space in the chart below. More than one bullet point may go in each section. Population and Migration

Political Geography

Malthus’ population theory

● Stated that population grows exponentially or geometrically while resources grow linearly or arithmetically. Stated that population growth would press against available resources in every country, unless “moral restraint” produced lower CBRs or unless disease, famine, war, or other disasters produced higher CDRs

Epidemiological Transition Model

● Focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) o Stage 1: Pestilence and famine o Stage 2: Receding pandemics o Stage 3: Degenerative and human-created diseases o Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases o Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases

Demographic Transition Model

● Studies birth rates, death rates, and population growth within a country o Stage 1: very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase o Stage 2: rapidly decreasing death rates combined with very high birth rates produce a very high natural increase o Stage 3: birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate at the end of the stage o Stage 4: very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase. Also called zero-population growth. o Stage 5: birth rate lower than the death rate produces a shrinking population

Mahan’s Sea Power Theory

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Rätzel’s Organic Theory

● Stated that the state resembles a biological organism that requires nourishment, just as an organism needs food. Such nourishment is provided by the acquisition of territories belonging to less powerful competitors (what he called Lebensraum) and by the people who live there. If a state is confined within permanent and static boundaries and deprived of overseas domains, it will atrophy. Territory is the state’s essential, life-giving force.

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

● Stated that the strip of coastal land that encircles Eurasia is more important than the central Asian zone for the control of the Eurasian continent. This theory serves as the foundation for the containment theory during the Cold War

believed that control of sea lanes would lead to national power; evidenced by european colonial takeover strategies

URSP 102 Spykman’s Rimland Theory

● Stated that whoever owns Eastern Europe, a rich agricultural region, and Central Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world.

Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Von Thünen’s agricultural land use model

● States that intensive agriculture will be located closer to the city because of the higher-value land and that extensive agriculture will be located farther from the city because of the lower-value land

Industrialization and Economic Development

Weber’s model of industrial location

● Three factors determine the location of a manufacturing plant: location of raw materials, location of the market, and transportation costs ● Weight/bulk reducing industries will locate close to the source of raw materials in order to minimize transportation costs ● Weight/bulk gaining industries will locate close to the market in order to minimize transportation costs

Rostow’s stages of economic growth

● Five-stage model of economic development for countries: traditional society → preconditions for take-off → take-off → drive to maturity → age of mass consumption

Wallerstein’s world-systems theory

● Divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery. The periphery provides cheap labor and raw materials to the semi-periphery and core, and the core produces high-profit consumption goods for the semi-periphery and periphery.

Rank-size rule

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Law of the primate city

● States that the largest city in the country is more than 2 times the size of the next-largest city AND it exerts social, political, and economic dominance

Gravity model

● Useful for explaining interactions among networks of cities ● The amount of interaction between two cities is proportional to the size of the cities and inversely proportional to their distance squared

Christaller’s Central Place Theory

● Theory of noncompeting market areas ● Market areas are arranged in a regular pattern. Larger market areas, based in larger settlements, are fewer in number and farther apart than smaller market areas and settlements. However, larger settlements also provide goods and services with smaller market areas; consequently, larger settlements have both larger and smaller markets areas drawn around them.

Bochert’s epochs of urban growth

● States that the dominant mode of transportation shaped the creation and rate of growth of American cities o 1790-1830: sail and wagon epoch o 1830-1870: iron horse epoch o 1870-1920: steel rail epoch o 1920-1970: auto-air-amenity epoch o 1970-present: high-tech epoch

Burgess Concentric Zone

● States that the 1st ring is the Central Business District (CBD), the 2 nd ring is the zone of transition, the 3 rd ring is a zone of independent workers’ homes, the 4 th

Cities and Urban Land Use

States that the nth largest city is 1/n smaller than the largest city

URSP 102 Model

ring is a zone of better residences, and the 5th ring is a commuter’s zone

Hoyt Sector Model

● States that cities develop in sectors rather than rings ● Industrial and retailing activities develop in sectors along good transportation lines

Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model

● States that a city is a complex structure that involved more than one center around which activities revolve

Galactic City Model

● A post-industrial city model stating that an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and businesses tied together by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are nodes of consumer and business services called edge cities.

Latin-American City Model

● States that wealthy people live in the inner city and a sector extending along a commercial spine...