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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MEDICAL AND SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY

MEDICAL MODEL The medical model sees disability as something that is ‘wrong’ with a person’s body or mind. For example this model might suggest that a disabled person is ‘suffering’ from an illness, disease, genetic defect or injury that would ideally be “treated and cured.” This way of thinking often makes people want to help by fixing the problem, maybe using drugs, surgery or other interventions.

Advantages  This model is simple.  Easy to understand.  Help people to cure the disease by providing proper diagnosis and treatment.

Disadvantages  The medical model looks at what is 'wrong' with the person, not what the person needs. It creates low expectations and leads to people losing independence, choice and control in their lives.  The Medical Model of Disability keeps it focus on the limitations of affected individuals or providing adaptive technology that would allow them to blend in with society. Uncritical reliance on this model can have consequences.  Advocates of disability rights often criticize the medical model for inadvertently causing social degradation of those that are disabled. The efforts of this model are seen as an excessive focus on medical care when resources could be put toward other goals like societal or design inclusionary practices with universal outreach. This could include both societal and monetary benefits and costs of various forms of intervention.  Other disability rights groups view the medical model as a civil rights issue, claiming that medical or charitable initiatives that portray those with disabilities as pitiable are creating a negative, disempowered image of these people instead of acknowledging disabilities as an environmental and societal issue.  It can lead to situations where the individual’s desires and comforts are ignored or even undermined by the strict demands of the medical and rehabilitation establishments. The attainment of normalcy can come at the expense of quality of life for the disabled person.  It has its roots in the scientific method, the Medical Model can only really incorporate phenomena that are measurable and quantifiable. That is, it copes well with the physical or organic components of illness, has much less assurance with other factors, the most important of which are psychological.

SOCIAL MODEL OF DISABILITY The social model of disability says that disability is caused by the way society is organised, rather than by a person’s impairment or difference. It looks at ways of removing barriers that

restrict life choices for disabled people. When barriers are removed, disabled people can be independent and equal in society, with choice and control over their own lives.

Advantages  Gives people independence, control and choice.  The social model of disability enables disabled people to look at themselves in a more positive way which increases their self-esteem.

Disadvantages  It denies the individual lived experience. Some people do suffer from more than socially created expressions of bigotry. Not everyone’s problems will be fixed by ramps or braille. Some people live with actual barriers caused by their conditions like chronic pain or fatigue.  It argues that in conceptualizing disability as unilaterally socially caused, the social model presents a partial and, to a certain extent, flawed understanding of the relation between impairment, disability and society, thus setting a framework that needs clarifications and extensions and presents limits to the achievement of its own aim of inclusion.  Changing lifestyles is not easy.  Not all diseases can be prevented.  Ignores real and distressing aspects of living life with limitations and illness.  May be difficult for some individuals to view their disability as a “neutral” characteristic or based solely in society:  Persons struggling with chronic pain  Persons with heavy caregiving responsibilities  Persons coping with regressive loss of physical and/or cognitive abilities  Limited utility for people who are newly diagnosed and are just beginning to learn about the changes disability will bring to their lives. Medi calModel

Soci alModel

A di sabi l i t yi s a defici enc y or abnor mal i t y .

Adi sabi l i t yi sadi ffer ence.

Bei ngdi sabl edi sconsi der edt obe negat i ve.

Bei ng di sabl ed i s consi der ed neut r al .

The di sabi l i t yr esi des wi t hi nt he i ndi vi dual .

The di sabi l i t y st ems f r om an i nt er act i on bet ween t hi si ndi vi dual andsoci et y .

Cur es t hat wi l l al l ow f or t he

Al t er i ng t he way s oci et yi nt er act s

nor mal i z at i onoft hei ndi vi dualar e usedt or emedyt hedi sabi l i t y .

wi t ht hese i ndi v i dual si s used t o r emedy t he pr obl ems as soc i at ed wi t hadi sabi l i t y .

Apr of es si onalact sast heagentof t her emedy .

Thei ndi vi dualwi t ht hedi sabi l i t y ,an adv ocat eorany onet hatcanaffect t hear r angement sbet weensoci et y and t he i ndi vi dualcan actas an adv ocat eoft her emedy .

EXAMPLES  Mark is 32 and is employed as a computer programmer at a manufacturing company. He was involved in a car accident at 21 years of age that resulted in a lower limb amputation. He uses a motorized scooter to get around locally, and drives an adapted van. He has a secondary health condition of Type 2 Diabetes. When visiting medical doctors, the care Mark receives is impacted by the way in which his disability is perceived. His Endocrinologist sees Mark’s physical disability as an illness or deficit that prevents him from living a healthy life (Medical Model of Disability) and does not recommend the same interventions that he would for a person without disabilities like a diet and exercise program. His primary care doctor does not have an accessible examination table or wide enough aisles for his scooter and views his difficulty getting on the examination table as a functional limitation. Mark faces as the result of the disability. His dietitian recommends a program of diet and exercise as an intervention for his diabetes, but his local gym is not accessible for people with mobility issues. This creates a barrier for him to exercise regularly (Social Model of Disability).  A school English teacher who works on the second floor breaks her back in a bicycle accident while on holiday in Australia. She wishes to continue teaching at the school as a wheelchair user. The school does not have a lift and is not due to get one for several years Medical model 

Sorry but it’s not possible for you to work in this school anymore



We cannot relocate classrooms



There is no way of getting you up the stairs



It is not reasonable for you to expect to continue as a teacher when you are in a wheelchair

Social model 

You are a valued teacher and we will do everything necessary to keep you on our staff



We can relocate classrooms so you can work on the ground floor. Staff meetings will be held downstairs. There is no need for you to go upstairs



We will ask the local authority to provide an access programme for the school to have a lift

 A University lecturer plans a field trip to rural Kenya. The trip has been carried out every year for many years, visiting the same locations, staying in the same hotel and using the same travel arrangements. The trip is a vital part of the course. This year there is a wheelchair user in the class who wishes to go on the trip. Medical model    

Sorry but it’s not practical to adapt the trip There is limited electricity supply so you will not be able to charge your powered wheelchair We visit too many places in a day and you wouldn’t be able to keep up Some of the locations are in very rural areas and it will be impossible for you to get to them

Social model 

You are a valued student and we realise how important these trips are for all students. We will do everything we can to include you in as much of the trip as possible



We have checked the field centre and it is mostly accessible. The travel arrangements are mostly accessible but we will need an extra minibus and extra petrol for a generator



Two of the places we visit are completely inaccessible so we will see if we can find alternatives  People living with reduced eyesight are given a simple piece of equipment - a pair of glasses. Without them they would be excluded from full participation in society and would therefore be disabled by it.  A deaf person wanting to attend a conference. If no sign language interpreter, or loop system (depending on their requirements) is provided then the person is excluded – disabled. But with a signer operating alongside the speakers, or a loop system, the person can take part on an equal basis. They still have the same hearing impairment, but they are not disabled.  Alternative print format such as Braille or large print materials for the Blind is consistent with the social model.

REFERENCES  https://crippledscholar.com/2015/03/15/reinterpreting-the-social-model-of-disability-to    

be-more-inclusive-and-less-confusing/ https://www.jstor.org/stable/24355191?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents http://www.marco-learningsystems.com/pages/david-zigmond/medical-model.htm https://www.specialeducationalneeds.co.uk/social-model-vs-medical-model-ofdisability.html https://slideplayer.com/slide/5888971/ https://canbc.org/blog/medical-model-of-disability-versus-social-model-of-disability/...