Module 1 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

Preview

Summary

Module 1...

Description

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

This module summarizes lecture notes intended for use by college students enrolled in Science Technology & Society (Science and Applied Science). It presents the general concept and principles needed to study and understand science, technology, and society to help students develop their competencies and skills in communication, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. This module is divided into ten parts. The first chapter deals with the historical development of science and technology in architecture, agriculture, construction, communication, and transportation during ancient, middle, and modern periods. Chapter 2 comprises the intellectual revolution of science, technology, and society in the Mesoamerican, Asian, Middle East, and Africa. Chapter 3 and 4 include the Philippine Science and Technology and Filipino inventors. Chapter 5 deals with the information age. Chapters 6 to 10 include current issues arising from applying science and technology like climate change, environmental resource management, food insecurity, biotechnology, and weapons of mass destruction. Some illustrations have been provided to facilitate students' appreciation in studying science, technology, and society. Pre-test, post-test, and activity have been added to draw attention to some essential details, most of all, to help the student prepare for the final requirement. This module is open to suggestions for further improvement.

The Authors

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

WALKTHROUGH

This module's authors created a formidable balance between clarity and intelligibility -- designed a clear goal at the end of each module. Students can actively construct their understanding, and all lessons and assessments are aligned with the intended outcomes. Nevertheless, to fully comprehend the module's content, students should be familiar with its essential parts.

indicates the beginning of the lesson. This serves as an overview or introduction of the content of the module.

prompts the goal and objective of the module. Likewise, acquaint the students with what they should learn at the end of the module.

An assessment given to students after completion of an instructional program or segment and often used in conjunction with a pretest (LIFT-OFF) to measure their achievement and level of understanding.

A supplemental activity that develops the student’s inquisitive mind, criticalthinking skills, and problemsolving skills; can help them become lifelong learners.

activates the student’s prior knowledge about the topic.

contains all the information that ought to be learned by the students.

abstraction activity

This part is where the students elicit their thought, idea, or opinion regarding the topic studied.

analysis

application

No portion of this module may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outlines, or notes – whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, photocopied, or in any form – for distribution or sale, without the written permission of the Authors. The infringer shall be prosecuted in compliance with copyright, trademark, patent, and other pertinent laws. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE 1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Duration: 3hrs

What are Science, Technology, and society, and why should people study and learn from it? Why should learners, teachers, researchers, and other professionals have an indulgence to the subject? Primarily, we need some background and understanding of science and technology in the living past and their importance in the modern world (Mosteiro, 2004). NATURE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY SCIENCE ● from the Latin word Scientia which means knowledge. ● It is a systematic, organized knowledge that investigates nature. ● It is also a process of diverse events shaped by social forces and historical change, thus shaping culture. TECHNOLOGY ● From the word Techne (art, craft, skill), Logos (word). ● It means a system of skills, techniques, processes, and products of the scientific concept. Simply, it is the scientific study of the practical or industrial arts. ● It is a complex combination of knowledge, materials, and methods with organization and manipulation of materials for humanity's useful purposes. ● It is a process of inventing new or better tools and materials for a better way of living, resulting in a total societal enterprise. SOCIETY ● It is an ethnic or racial network, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. Sociology defines it as people that interact to share a common culture. ● In geography, it refers to people who share a common culture in a particular location. For example, people living in arctic climates developed different cultures from those living in desert cultures. In time, a large variety of human cultures arose around the world.

6

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to: 1. Identify and explain the impact of science and technology in society. 2. Trace the historical antecedents of science and technology. 3. Make a timeline on the critical events in the phase of changing society.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Lesson1: ANCIENT PERIODS Man has tried to improve his way and quality of life from the beginning of time. The early people discovered how to do, and used tools developed a logical sequence of activities, and evolved processes that added value to life. The totality of using and applying his knowledge, skills, tools, and materials constitute what we today describe as "technology." Technosphere ● It comprises all of the structures that humans have constructed to keep them alive on the planet – houses, factories, farms, mines, roads, airports and shipping ports, computer systems, and discarded waste. ● "The technosphere is a major new phenomenon of this planet – and one that is evolving extraordinarily rapidly." Geologists from the said university have made the first estimate of the sheer size of the technosphere's physical structure, which has a mass approximates to an enormous 30 trillion tons, representing a mass of more than 50 kilos for every square meter of the surface. Given these, the impact humans made to the planet - provided an understanding that humans have considerably changed the Earth. The realization that discoveries and inventions are shaped by historical forces influence values, aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping history.

7

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (STS) Science, Technology, and Society is an interdisciplinary study of science and technology with society and culture.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERIODS How civilization has changed over the centuries displays the understanding of humankind in the natural world (science) and the ability to control (technology).and influence it (society). Ancient Times Accumulation and transfer of knowledge evolved from the ancient to modern humans. The ability to make weapons from simple to modern ones became efficient. Hunters became farmers and fishers. Clothing became a necessity from nakedness. hence, different elements combined to reach level of sophistication to our civilization. Sumerian Civilization ● Sumerian civilization emerged 3,500 BC in the southern region of Mesopotamia (corresponding to modern-day Iraq and Kuwait). ● It is generally considered the cradle of civilization. ● They rely on agriculture as the primary source of livelihood. ● They created the irrigation systems by constructing dikes and canals to control flooding. ● They built large structures from sun-dried bricks made of clay. ● Invented the wheel, sail, and the plow, improving trade and farming. ● They forged bronze from copper and tin (around 3,000 BC), allowing for more robust tools and weapons. ● They developed the first formal writing system called cuneiform. ● Introduced a 360-day calendar ● The basis for sixty minutes to an hour time duration came from sexagesimal number system and used to measure the circumference of a circle with 360 degrees. Babylonian Civilization ( About 3,500 BC until 500 BC) ● Positioned in the border of the famous Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Iraq

● They used a calendar with alternating 29 and 30 day months. This system required an extra month three times every eight years. As a further adjustment, the King would periodically order an additional extra month into the calendar.

8

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I

● Likewise, dig canalsHISTORICAL and developed earthen dikes irrigate AND their TECHNOLOGY crops and DEVELOPMENT OFto SCIENCE provide water to their livestock. ● They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system. ● They showed a remarkable talent in Astronomy, believed that the movement of the heavenly bodies forecasted some terrestrial events like eclipses. They kept complete lists of eclipses ● Babylonians astronomers compiled lists of planets and stars. Egyptian Civilization ● Historians noted that ancient Egypt began between 5,000 – 3,100 BC, geographically situated in Africa's Northeastern part. ● The Nile River provided Egypt the necessary water requirements to support agricultural activities. ● They produced a variety of earthenwares and pottery items. ● They worked on metals to produce tools, weapons, and agricultural implements. ● They constructed dwellings made of reeds and air-dried mud bricks. ● Built great pyramids ● Ancient Egyptians devised a 365-day calendar. ● Hieroglyphics is an Ancient form of writing created by the Egyptians. The use of symbols became part of reading to understand letter. the ancient artifact that helps decode and understand these meanings is the Roseta Stone. Greek Civilization ● Greek civilization emerged at around 1,100 BC. ● Had a stronger connection with philosophy, and replaced the supernatural beliefs through the concept of a universe governed by natural laws. Scientific works of wise and gifted Greeks such as Thales, Socrates, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Archimedes, and Ptolemy served as foundation and pillars of western civilization. Pythagoras also studied geometry and discovered the Pythagorean Theorem Euclid wrote the book entitled Elements which is about geometry Aristotle wrote the History of Animals and listed all his observations about animals in this book. Hippocrates who is the "Father of Western Medicine ● " also introduced cartography. ● Here are some of the inventions credited from Ancient Greeks. a. Watermill - Powered by water used to grind with waterwheel and toothed gear to capacitate the grind. b. Alarm Clock - Plato used a water clock to trigger a sound to specific time which became the start of how alarm clocks are used. c. Central Heating - The Greeks invented a type of central heating to transfer hot air from fires to empty spaces under the temple's floors. d. Crane - The Greeks invented the crane to help lift heavy items such as blocks for constructing buildings.

9

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I

e. Archimedes' Screw -HISTORICAL Invented byDEVELOPMENT Archimedes, theOF Archimedes' screw was an SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY efficient way to move water up a hill. Roman Civilization ● Spanned from 102 – 44 B.C. ● It has established a sophisticated system to circulate written news published on Acta diurnal, which translates to "Daily events," and published the Acta Senatus that recorded the proceedings in the Roman senate. ● They were incredibly skillful in building infrastructures with good integrity and built. ● The Romans developed infrastructure networks and constructed roads from Rome to other places in Italy. ● They have constructed immense permanent structures such as domes, theater, and stadiums. Indian Civilization (1500 and 1000 BCE) ● Adequate knowledge of geometry developed in India due to strict religious rules for the construction of altars. ● The Shula Sutras is a work that explains how to perform all the geometrical operations to support the religious procedures regarding altars. the concept of square roots and squaring the circle also rooted from this book. ● Developed the numbers and decimal notation that the world uses today, thus the most influential Hindu science achievement. Chinese Civilization ● Displayed an exceptional talent in making inventions like Gunpowder, paper, woodblock printing, the compass (known as "south-pointing needle") ● The creation of the plow and the development of the lunar calendar in China. ● Chinese doctors started the use of acupuncture. ● Astronomers were able to record solar eclipses. ● They used bamboo strips or paper made from barks to write on. ● They developed the technology of papermaking and the invention of the printing press. ● They invented an "earthquake weather clock" or what is now known as the seismograph. Lesson 2: MIDDLE EPOCH A. Medieval Era It began just before 500 A.D and often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages. Due to a significant loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor. The Middle Ages dated roughly 1,000 years, ending around 1450 A.D. This era founded today's modern European countries, involved great political turmoil and violence, and considered human growth and development.

10

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Life in The Middle Ages

● People formed small communities with their Lord or Master. It consists of the Castle, the Church, the Village, and the surrounding Farm Land. Most lived in the Manors, which were isolated, and with only occasional visits from merchants or pilgrims. ● Feudalism is the form of government King - (awarded land grants to his most essential nobles) Barons and Bishops - (provide soldiers for the King's armies) Lords/Earls/Marquis/Viscount - (act as local justice and held court for local matters provide land) Vassals or tenants - (serve as guard duty, and later they paid a fee to acquire mercenaries (soldiers-for-hire) Peasants/serfs/villeins - (lowest class of society, provides the Lord with labor, share the products yielded from his land in exchange for protection, land to work, and a place to live) Every village had a Lord, and people were almost entirely farmers. After the 1100s, castles often dominated village landscapes, and some towns continued to exist for centuries. The Village People Peasants ● The poorest people in the medieval era lived in cottages ● using wood, reeds, twigs, mud, and straw. ● They could be educated and marry if they could afford it. Serfs ● The peasant class is the poorest and treated as slave. ● Serfs serves the Lords to have a place to live. ● They could do neither and were not permitted to relocate without the Lord's approval. Farmers ● A bit better off than peasants, owned their farms and also lived in cottages. Carpenters ■ highly skilled (knowledge of math, woodworking, and tools) and were elite tradesmen. One had to gain the skills to join a guild as an apprentice and learn the craft to become a carpenter. ■ Kings and nobles employed them as specialists. A master carpenter was always in demand to build decoratively furnished castles and estates and earn high wages.

Metalsmiths ● sometimes called blacksmith ('smith' who worked in the "black" metal, namely iron)

11

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I

● The "white" metalsHISTORICAL used were tin, silver, or gold.OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

● The Medieval Blacksmith made a wide variety of items and objects which included: - Medieval Weapons, including swords, daggers, lances, arrowheads, etc. - Siege Weapons - Medieval Armor and shields - Tools - Nails - Church and Castle Doors - hinges, locks, and keys - Instruments of torture and chains - Ornaments, Jewelry & Decorative Objects The technology used in everyday Medieval life The Medieval period involves significant technological advancement.

Below is the list of some inventions from the Middle Ages. 1. Mechanical Artillery/Weaponry Counterweight trebuchet (12th). use of counterweights allowing to throw large stones to very long distances. Missile weapons. Longbow with massed, disciplined archery (13th) Steel crossbow (14th, late) 2. Agriculture The heavy plow (5th - 8th) is used to cultivate rich, fatty, often wet North Europe soils. It first appeared in Slavic lands before it came to Northern Italy (the Po Valley). Horse collar (6th - 9th) - It went through multiple evolutions from the 6th to 9th centuries and pulled heavy plows. Horseshoes (9th) - As early as 50 BC, Romans and Celts were known to use this for horses to adapt rocky terrain, mountains and carry heavier loads. 3. Architecture and construction Artesian well (1126) - It coined for Artois in France, where Carthusian monks drilled the first in 1126. Wheelbarrow (the 1170s) –It is for construction, mining, and farming, and its first illustration is in the 13th Century, although it appeared in stories and pictures between 1170 and 1250 in North-western Europe.

12

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY (FOR science AND APPLIED SCIENCE MAJOR)

MODULE I HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

4. Clocks Hourglass (1338), documented in Siena, Italy; a dependable, affordable, and accurate time measurement. 5. Vertical windmills (the 1180s) - Invented in Europe and was first mentioned In Yorkshire, England 1185; a pivotable post mill efficient at grinding grain or draining water. 6. Spectacles (the 1280s) -It developed in Florence, Italy, and made up of convex lenses to help far-sighted people. 7. Spinning wheel (13th) - probably the Hindu brought to Europe this apparatus . 8. Chess (1450) - This game spread through Persia and the Muslim world to Europe from India where it originated in 6th century AD. 9. Mirrors (1180) – It was made in 1180 by Alexander Beckham, who said, "Take away the lead behind the glass, and there will be no image of the one looking in." 10. Oil paint (ca. 1410) - Flemish painter Jan van Eyck around 1410, introduced a stable oil mixture and is used to add details to tempera paintings. 11. Quarantine (1377) – It was introduced by the Republic of Ragusa, a 40-dayperiod Quarantine. Venice began quarantines, and then the practice spread around in Europe. ALCHEMY: One crucial stimulus was the monarchs' growing demand for valuable elements. New pumping devices, new equipments for lifting heavy loads, and further finding and extracting metals developed. Metallurgy and metalworking bacame famous during the 16th Century. Alchemists, laid

the foundation of Modern Chemistry who solved the problems in shortage of gold eagerly in laboratories. FIREARMS, ARCHITECTURE, FORTIFICATION: The creation of Gunpowder and firearms made mathematical knowledge indispensable; artillery without ballistic competence would have been inefficient. The knowledge of geometry and statics enabled the Middle Ages' architects to construct such wonderworks like Gothic cathedrals. The sophisticated fortifications built in Italy, France, and England during the 15th and 16th centuries would not have been useful if their architects had not applied mathematical principles. VISUAL ARTS: Progress in visual arts made...