UTS-Module 1 - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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Bulacan State University City of Malolos, BulacanUnderstandingthe Self(UTS 101)Module 1CHAPTER 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVESA. Philosophy B. Sociology C. AnthropologyWriter: Estrella L. RanasFaculty, CSSP Main CampusEditor: Ma. Adora C. TignoTABLE OF CONTENTS ORIENTATION --------------------...

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Bulacan State University City of Malolos, Bulacan

Understanding the Self (UTS 101) Module 1 CHAPTER 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES A. Philosophy B. Sociology C. Anthropology

Writer: Estrella L. Ranas Faculty, CSSP Main Campus Editor: Ma. Adora C. Tigno

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ORIENTATION INTRODUCTION

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CHAPTER 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Objectives/Competencies

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Pre-test (Philosophy) -----------------------------------------------------------------

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Activity: Do I Know Myself? ------------------------------------------------------

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What is Philosophy?

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Socrates: The Soul is Immortal ----------------------------------------------------

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Plato: The Soul is Immortal ---------------------------------------------------------

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Augustine: Christianity ---------------------------------------------------------------

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Rene Descartes: A Modern Perspective on the Self -------------------------

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John Locke: The Self Is Consciousness -----------------------------------------

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David Hume: There Is No “Self” ---------------------------------------------------

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Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self -------------------------------------------

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Lesson 1: Philosophy Learning Objectives

Sigmund Freud: There Are Two Selves, Conscious and Unconscious ---- 14 Gilbert Ryle: The Is How You Behave --------------------------------------------

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Paul Churchland: The Self Is the Brain ------------------------------------------- 16 Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity ----------------- 17 Summary ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Activity Journal Rubrics --------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Understanding the Self Biodata ----------------------------------------------------

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Exercise 1: Words That Describe Me -------------------------------------------- 21 Post-test (Philosophy) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 22

Lesson 2: Sociology Learning Objectives --------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Pre-test (Sociology) ------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Activity 2: The Personal Identity Wheel ------------------------------------------- 24 What is Sociology?

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The Self As a Product of Modern Society Among Other Constructions --- 25 2

Cooley and the Looking Glass Self Theory -------------------------------------- 26 Mead and the Social Self ------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Summary

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References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 28 Exercise 2: The Social Identity Wheel -------------------------------------------- 29 Post-test (Sociology) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 31

Lesson 3: Anthropology Learning Objectives ------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Pre-test (Anthropology) --------------------------------------------------------------

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What is Anthropology? ---------------------------------------------------------------

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The Self and Person in Contemporary Anthropology ------------------------

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Self As Embedded in Culture ------------------------------------------------------ 34 Summary --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Exercise 3: My Identity ---------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Post-test (Anthropology) -------------------------------------------------------------- 38

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ORIENTATION - 3 HOURS

Self-care and Study Tips for students on Remote Print Learning (RPL) Mode Welcome to college life. All your life you have been looking forward to going to college, right? This is the start of a great journey and of some truly great adventures. You may have been looking forward to awesome things that usually occur during college like dorming; a more relaxed class schedule; greater opportunities to meet, mingle, and make connections with more people; greater freedom and independence; a change of scenery and environment; and, maybe a bigger allowance this time. However, the turn of circumstances has brought enormous changes in every student’s life. The global pandemic had caused educational disruption, and with the continuing spread of the coronavirus (COVID 19), some schools needed to close while others initiated immediate actions to support students to continue their studies even during school closure. These schools are left with no choice but to create measures to facilitate learning at home. Our university is implementing flexible modes of learning to cater to every student’s needs and life circumstances. Learning is made possible through online or with the use of printed modules. With all these turns of events, students, teachers, and parents are facing challenges in trying to adapt to what everyone calls the “new normal.” You have chosen the remote print learning mode to pursue your studies. It means that learning will be facilitated using printed modules like this one. This is quite challenging because you need to learn with minimal intervention from your instructor. So, how can you sustain active learning (by yourself) at home? Active learning is a method of learning that engages students in the learning process. In active learning, you are required to do meaningful activities and become a master of your own learning process. Again, this is a challenging task because you will need to follow instructions from the modules away from your instructor and classmates. Ways to promote active learning for RPL students: 1. Regulate your study by yourself. Be a self-regulated learner, one who creates goals and then chooses the right strategies to reach them. 2. Monitor your progress. Check if you are meeting your goals and if not, you need to restructure your study habits. 3. Use your available time efficiently. You should manage your schedule for learning and for leisure. 4. Make a task list. It would help if you make a list of tasks to do and to check off what you have done and get ready for the next one. 5. You need to improve your concentration. Take 10-15 minutes break for every 1 hour of study. At the break, take a snack for energy, go for a walk, or listen to music. Find the best hours for study, may it be at night or during the day. 4

6. Stay focused on one thing. Stick with one task and learn to say “No” to distractions. 7. Talk about what you learned with your family and peers. Communicating what you learned will help you understand the lesson better. 8. Summarize. To help you grasp better your lessons, summarize what you have learned. Self-Care Tips While Studying at Home Studying at home and learning with no face-to-face interactions with teachers and classmates may raise more stress and anxiety for students. Practicing self-care can help you manage and reduce your stress and enhance your overall well-being. Self-care means taking time to focus on improving our mental, emotional, and physical health. Here are some ideas for self-care: 1. Sleep. Sleep is very much essential to overall health and has a great impact on academic success. 2. Exercise. Research shows that exercise can improve your mood, relieve stress, and help you sleep better. 3. Do something you love. Spend time for your passions and hobbies. These can provide you an outlet for managing stress and can increase levels of happiness. 4. Take time to connect with friends and family. Hang out with them. Studies show that spending time with loved ones is the top determinant of happiness. 5. Be kind to yourself. Practice self-compassion. Treat yourself like you would treat your best friend. Replace self-critical thoughts with more loving thoughts about yourself. 6. Practice mindfulness: Being in the present moment can help to reduce stress. Practice mindfulness by noticing your five senses; what do you see, hear, taste, feel, and smell right now? 7. Practice gratitude: One simple way to practice gratitude is by writing down 3 things you are grateful for everyday. Remembering to find things, experiences and people in your life that you are grateful can have powerful effects on your mood. 8. Practice deep breathing: Take five minutes to practice deep breathing. In just those few minutes you can lower your blood pressure and heart rate, thus lowering the physical effects of stress. 9. Journaling: Journaling can have a lot of benefits. Writing can help you process your feelings, ignite creativity in the brain, and help you be in the present moment. Take a few minutes each day to journal. 10. Spend time in nature: Research shows that spending time in nature can have remarkable benefits to human health. College life is a journey. It is not just about finding yourself but a step in the path of creating yourself. It means there will be major mistakes and failures, more revelations about yourself, and times you are completely lost. Still, you will persevere and thrive and be open to more adventures and self-exploration to help cultivate the best version of yourself. 5

Understanding the Self INTRODUCTION Understanding the self is essential in every person's life. For you to better understand yourself, you must allow yourself to experience self-discovery and selfawareness. Self-discovery is the process of learning, understanding, or knowing more about yourself and who you are, becoming aware of one's true potential, character, motives, and the like. An example of self-discovery is meditating - spending time to look into yourself, your values, your strengths, and your weaknesses. Self-awareness is your knowledge of yourself and your worth as a person. An example of awareness is what you hope to gain from meditating. Self-awareness is a result of doing selfdiscovery. This module aims to help you go through the process of exploration and, hopefully, arrive at understanding your personality, self, and identity. Self-discovery exercises and activities, reflection papers, and personal journals will be used to engage you more and be able to experience the objectives of the course. The course is divided into three chapters: (1) The self from various perspectives; (2) Unpacking the self and, (3) Managing and caring for the self. Chapter 1 seeks to understand the construct of the self from various disciplines: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology - as well as the Eastern and Western studies - each seeking to give answers to this question, "What is the self?" Chapter 2 explores some of the various aspects that make up the self. These are the physical self, sexual self, material self, spiritual self, political self, and the digital self. Chapter 3 explores students' common issues and concerns: learning, goal setting, and stress management. It identifies factors that are contributing to the challenges encountered by students and the effects on their wellbeing. The topics were clustered into 5 and came up with 5 modules prepared by different writers. The topics were adopted in accordance to the syllabus designed by CHED for Understanding the Self.

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CHAPTER 1 THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES Have you ever experienced being asked to write an autobiography that addresses the difficult question of “Who am I?” Attempts to answer this question vary greatly depending on the person’s age, beliefs, values, feelings, life’s circumstances, culture, and society. Some https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl people find it easy to answer the question while =https%3A%2F%2Fimages.unsplash.co other people find it a daunting task to figure out m%2Fphoto-1554497342 who they really are. But what exactly is this concept, known as the "self." This chapter explores the concept of the "self" or the thing called "identity" or the "I." How is “the self” viewed in the context of philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and sociology? The western and eastern perspectives of the self will also be discussed.

Objectives/Competencies By the end of the chapter, you will be able to: ● define the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplines: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, psychology, eastern and western culture. ● distinguish how the self has been defined across the different perspectives. ● explore the different factors, forces, and influences that shape the self. ● apply reflective and critical thought in analyzing the development of one's self.

Lesson 1

Duration: 3 hours

A. Philosophy Learning Objectives: By the end of three hours, you should be able to: ● describe and discuss the different notions of the self from the points-of-view of the various philosophers; ● analyze how the self has been represented in different philosophical schools; and ● examine one’s self against the different views of self that were discussed

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Pre-test: (Philosophy) Name: __________________________________________________ Course/Year/Section: ___________________ Date: ______________ Let us check your knowledge about the “self.” Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect. ________ 1. It is necessary to examine ourselves for it alone will give us knowledge about ourselves. ________ 2. The self is the soul divided into three parts: Reason, physical Appetite, and Spirit. ________ 3. The self is essentially a soul whose goal is to be united with God. ________ 4. The essential self is the mind or the thinking self and not the physical body. ________ 5. The self is one and the same as you were in the past for as long as you remember the experiences you had in that past. ________ 6. There is no permanent self because the self keeps on changing. ________ 7. The self is dominated by the unconscious it is what shapes our personality. ________ 8. The self is defined by the observable behaviors we project to the world around us. ________ 9. The self is basically the physical state of the brain and not the mind. ________10. The self is all about one’s perception of one’s experience and the interpretation of those experiences.

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ACTIVITY: Do I Know Myself? Reflect on the following questions regarding your "self" and answer them specifically as you can. Write your answers on your Philosopher's Notebook (any notebook that you can use for the rest of the activities under this topic-philosophy). Please answer in NOT MORE than THREE sentences. 1. How would you describe yourself? 2. What are some of the qualities that differentiate you from others? 3. In what ways have your self changed through your life? In what ways has it remained the same? 4. How would you describe yourself when it comes to your body? 5. After you die, what do you think will happen to yourself? Do you believe your self will continue to exist in some form? What form will you be? Did you find it difficult to provide in-depth and specific responses to these questions? You should be! The difficulty you have just experienced is an indication of your lack of knowledge about the philosophical perspectives of the self. But, as your philosophical understanding becomes deeper and clearer, you will appreciate these questions better and truly understand their meaning. So, if it was hard for you to answer the questions, that’s perfectly fine. I hope this difficulty and confusion may lead you to aspire for more knowledge and understanding about the self.

What is Philosophy? The word "philosophy" originates from two Greek words ("Philos" means beloved and “Sophia" means wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom." Philosophy is a way of thinking about anything in the world, the universe. Philosophy works by asking very basic questions about the nature of human thought, the nature of the universe, and the connections between them. One philosophical question that we will be focusing on is this: "What is the self?". This part of the module is about the ideas discussed by philosophers (who think and write about ways of thinking) about the self.

Socrates: The Soul Is Immortal “The unexamined life is not worth living” -- Socrates. 1

File:SOCRATES.png en.wikipedia.org

Socrates was believed to be the first thinker to focus on the full power of reason on the human self - our existence in the universe, who we are, who we should be, and whom we will become. For Socrates, the self exists in two parts: the physical body and the soul. The physical body is a tangible aspect of us. It is mortal (it dies), constantly changing, imperfect, transforming, disappearing. Our soul, which Socrates believed to be immortal, is eternal, unchanging, perfect, or ideal.

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"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato." https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.

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Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man's body. The soul has all the knowledge that is stored in his mind. However, once he came to the material world or the world of senses, he forgot most of what he knew. This resulted in a lack of knowledge or ignorance, which causes problems for men. Knowledge can be restored through the process of dialectic method or Socratic method - an exchange of question and answer that ultimately aims to make a person remember all the knowledge that he has forgotten, including his former all-knowing self. 2Socrates’ conviction is conveyed in his famous statement: "the unexamined life is not worth living." The most important task one can undertake is to examine one's self, for it alone will give one the knowledge necessary to answer the question 'how should I live my life.' Socrates explained: "…once we know ourselves, we may learn how to care for ourselves, but otherwise, we never shall." Socrates is, eventually, known as the "father of Western philosophy." Analysis A THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: The Self as Body and Soul Record your responses in your Philosopher’s Notebook. One of Socrates’ famous statements is “the unexamined life is not worth living.” Why do we need to examine our life?

Plato: The Soul Is Immortal “The first and the best victory is to conquer self.” -- Plato 3Plato

is a dualist; there is both an immaterial mind (soul) and a material body, and it is the soul that represents the self. Plato believed the soul exists before birth and after death. For him, one should care about his soul rather than his body. 4 The soul (mind) is divided into three parts: ● Reason - our divine essence that enables us to think https://commons.wikim deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of edia.org/wiki/File:Plato. eternal truths. EtchingbyD.Cunego,17 83,meV0004702.jpg ● Physical Appetite - our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. ● Will or Spirit - is our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy, ag...