Module 3 Study Guide LAB PDF

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1. What are the three main types of bone cells? Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteogenic cell, & osteoclast

2. What are the functions of each type of bone cell? Osteocyte- maintain mineral concentration of matrix; osteoblast-bone formation; osteogenic cell-develop into osteoblast; osteoclast-bone resorption

3. What is the role of collagen and hydroxyapatite Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide a surface for inorganic salt crystals to adhere. These salt crystals form when calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate combine to create hydroxyapatite.

4. What is osteoporosis? Progressive condition where the BMD is very low and there is an increased risk for bone fractures

5. What are the causes of osteoporosis? Number of things attribute family history, hormonal imbalance, dietary factors, medicines.

6. What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis? Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebrae, loss of height over time, a stooped posture, a bone that breaks much more easy than expected.

7. What test is used to test osteoporosis? Bone density exam, dual x-ray absorptiometry, bone densitometry

8 What are the treatments for osteoporosis? Medications bisphosphonates (the same medication often used in Paget’s disease), calcitonin, estrogen

9. What is Wolff's law? Basically states the bone will remodel the density of the matrix according to the external stresses placed upon it, occurs primarily within the spongy bone, less force/stress placed on bones-decreases in matrix density, more force/stress placed on bones-increased matrix density

10. How does Wolff's law relate in the treatment of Osteoporosis? Applies to physical therapy

11. What is compact bone? Give an example by its location in the bone, or a bone type? It’s a denser material used to create much of the hard structure of the skeleton. 12. What is spongy bone? Give an example by its location in the bone, or a bone type?

Cancellous bone- is on the interior of a bone and consists of slender fibers and lamellae- layers of bony tissuethat join to form a reticular structure.

13. What characteristics do the two types of bone have in common? Both contain the four categories of bone cells and both contain the same extracellular matrix

14. What is an osteon? Is a structure that is dense and makes up compact bone, each osteon has central haversian canal, blood vessels and nerves run through, connected together by performing Volkmann canal, concentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae

15. What are trabeculae? Found in spongy bones- osteocytes and the lacuna which are still connected to the other lacuna through canaliculi, matrix is not concentric circles but rather the in a lattice like network of matrix spikes-

16. Where is red bone marrow found? Fills the space in the spongy bone

17. What is the responsibility of the red bone marrow? Produces the blood cells -hematopoiesis

18. How does red bone marrow relate to Leukemia? It’s a cancer found in your blood and bone marrow and is caused by rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal white blood cells are not able to fight infection and impair the ability of the bone marrow to produce red blood cells and platelets.

19. What is the epiphyseal plate? (Growth plate)- a layer of hyaline transparent cartilage in a growing bone.

20. What is the epiphyseal line? When the bone stops growing 18-21 the cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and the epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line

21. What are the types of bone fractures? Closed (simple)-a fracture in which the skin remains intact Open (compound)- a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through skin; carries a high risk of infection Transverse- occurs straight across the long axis of the bone Spiral-bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

Comminuted- several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments Impacted-one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression Greenstick-a partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken Oblique- occurs at an angle that is not 90 degree

22. What factors can improve the process of bone repair? A fracture hematoma forms, fibrocartilage callus formation, bony callus formation & bone remodeling...