Module 6 Notes - Professor Laura Werner, web-based PDF

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Professor Laura Werner, web-based...

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● Learning: any relatively long lasting change in behavior that is due to experience ○ Learn through conditioning (learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment)- classical and operant ● Classical conditioning aka Pavlovian: occurs when neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with unconditioned stimulus ○ Acquires capacity to unnaturally evoke a response that was naturally evoked by another stimulus- ringing the bell to make dogs salivate, that one prank in The Office ○ Unconditioned association: not created through conditioning ■ Unconditioned stimulus (US): evokes unconditioned response without previous conditioning ■ Unconditioned response (UR): unlearned reaction to US ● Ex: looking at hamburger and getting hungry ○ Conditioned association: link between stimuli created through conditioning ■ Conditioned stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus acquired the capacity to evoke CR through conditioning ■ Conditioned response (CR): learned reaction to CS from previous conditioning ● Ex: looking at a textbook and getting hungry ● Stages of conditioning: ○ Acquisition: initial stage of learning a new response tendency (US and CS pairing) ■ Pavlov suggested that developing conditioned response is dependent on

stimulus contingency (occurring in same time and space) ○ Extinction: gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency ○ Spontaneous recovery: reappearance of an extinguished response after a period without exposure to conditioned stimulus (extinguished CS recovers) ● Stimulus generalization: occurs when a conditioned response is generalized to a similar stimulus that it was conditioned to ○ Ex: in pain at the doctor from the drill now hearing any drill causes fear ● Applications: shaping emotional responses, physiological processes (sexual arousal… aka fucking Forensic Files) ○ Evaluative conditioning: liking a stimulus can be increased or decreased depending upon whether it is paired with positive or negative stimuli ● Operant conditioning: organisms tend to repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences- BF Skinner ○ Positive or negative reinforcement or punishment ● Reinforcement: likelihood of repeating that behavior increases ○ Positive reinforcement: add desirable stimulus to increase behavior ○ Negative reinforcement: removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior ● Punishment: likelihood of repeating that behavior decreases ● Procedures: ○ Shaping (acquisition): gradual process of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of desired behavior ○ Extinction: weakening of a response because the response is no longer followed

by a reinforcement...