Session 1, Module 6 Notes PDF

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Module 6 Notes Linguistic: verbal communication Paralinguistic: use of gestures, eye contact, & facial expressions Metacommunication: factors that affect how messages are received and interpreted. Includes interpersonal states, environmental stimuli, etc.

Nutrition Nutrition: the science of optimal cellular metabolism and its impact on health & disease. Metabolism: Macronutrients: the kilocalories energy containing source of carbs, proteins, and fats. Micronutrients: vitamins & minerals are micronutrients because they are required in minute amounts. Phytochemicals: refers to plant compounds that have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. Cellular Metabolism: hormonal & enzymatic processes that occur within cell structures.

Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamin C, B Vitamins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, niacin

Nutrient

Consequences of Deficiencies

Vitamin A

Night blindness

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Biotin Vitamin C

Wernicke’s encephalopathy with neurodegeneration Pellagra with 4 D’s: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death Pernicious anemia, psychiatric disorders Hair loss Bleeding tendency, scurvy

Vitamin D

Rickets, bone disease, muscle pain, falls

Copper

Anemia, skin lesions, neurologic disease, bone fragility Anemia, fatigue, poor growth

Vitamin B2 Vitamin B12

Iron

Magnesium Zinc

Hypertension, dysrhythmia, preeclampsia Dermatitis, impaired taste, impaired growth, low level of alkaline phosphatase enzyme

Consequences of Toxicities Loss of appetite, bone pain, hypercalcemia Toxicity rare Abnormal glucose metabolism, flushing, nausea, and vomiting Toxicity unknown Toxicity unknown Inhibits zinc absorption, urinary stones Hypercalcemia, renal stones, calcification of soft tissues Found in Wilson’s disease; neuron and liver cell damage Hemochromatosis (genetic) with liver, pancreatic, and cardiac damage Increased calcium excretion Copper deficiency, renal damage, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea

Assessing height & weight, and determining BMI are the initial steps in assessing nutritional status. BMI= Weight (kg)/ Height (in meters)2 Lab tests to determine nutritional status: Serum albumin and pre-albumin Blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C Lipid Profile Electrolytes Hemoglobin and Hematocrit ----------------------------------------Albumin Blood glucose Hemoglobin A1c Lipid profile Electrolytes Blood urea nitrogen Tests to rule out anemia Calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin D levels Primary prevention: healthy eating and physical activity Secondary prevention: screening Collaborative interventions

Conditions associated with insufficient nutrition:       

Anorexia nervosa bulimia fat malabsorption syndrome Iron deficiency anemia Protein- calorie malnutrition Vitamin deficiencies (A, B-complex, C, D, K) Zin deficiency

Conditions associated with excessive nutrition:         

Obesity Hyperlipidemia Obesity related conditions Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes mellitus Heart diseases Stroke Hypertension Colon and hormonal cancers (prostate,

breast)

Conditions associated with altered digestion/metabolism:    

Lactose intolerance Celiac disease Gastrointestinal reflux Phenylketonuria

    

Collaborative interventions: Dietary interventions Enteral nutrition Parenteral nutrition Pharmacologic agents Surgical interventions - Bariatric surgery: an option for people who have a BMI above 40.

Metabolism: the process of chemically changing nutrients, such as fats and proteins, into end products that are used to meet the energy needs of the body or stored for future use, thereby helping to maintain homeostasis in the body. - Anabolism: the use of energy to change simple materials into complex body substances and tissue. - Catabolism: the breaking down of substances from complex to simple, resulting in a release of energy. Macronutrients (body needs in large amounts) - Water - Carbs - Fats - Proteins Micronutrients (nutrients needed in small amounts) - Vitamins - Minerals

Thyroid - Regulate metabolism - Hormones T3 and T4 - T3 and T4 Reach every cell in the body Regulate speed cells/metabolism work Example: T3 and T4 regulate your heart rate and how fast your intestines process food. So, if T3 and T4 levels are low, your heart rate may be slower than normal, and you may have constipation/weight gain. If T3 and T4 levels are high, you may have rapid heart rate and diarrhea/weight loss. Common disorders: goiters, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism o o o

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Lab tests: T3, T4, T3RU, TSH, TSH-RAb Thyroid scan

Hyperthyroidism Too much T3 and T4 Grave’s disease (autoimmune disorder): goiter, exophthalmos, Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity...