Module 7 Interactive Notebook PDF

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Interactive notebooks that go with each of the modules to help with test study....

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____________________________________________________________________________ Module 7: Theory-based Instructional Strategies ____________________________________________________________________________ Use the readings, videos, and the supplemental resources in this guide to complete the study focus questions below. Note that the notebook includes active links to some of the resources, i.e. videos, graphic organizers, practice questions.

**TIP – If you plan to print the notebook out and fill it in by hand, you can add spaces in the charts for your notes beforehand.

After engaging with this module, you should be able to do the following:      

Explain intelligence theories, concepts, and strategies. Explain behaviorist theories, concepts, and strategies. Explain cognitivist theories (e.g., information processing and social cognitive), concepts, and strategies. Explain humanistic and motivation theories, concepts, and strategies. Explain cooperative and collaborative learning, concepts, and strategies. Explain constructivist theories, concepts, and strategies.

Milestone 1: Explain intelligence theories, concepts, and strategies. Theory General Intelligence

Theorist Spearman

Primary Mental Abilities

Thurstone

Multiple Intelligence

Triarchic

Gardner

Sternberg

Summary General “G Factor”- overall intellectual abilityresponsible for each type of ability Specific “S Factor”Specific intellectual ability Smart across the board Everyone only has one type of intelligence Still suggested a general factor Book smarts Scores vary together Triarchic view (3 types of intelligence) Creative – come up with new ideas Analytical Critical Thinking – apply knowledge and skills appropriately Practical Logical – mathematical numeral patterns, critical thinking Verbal – linguistic spoken and written word smart musical rhythm, pitch, tones Spatial – good with maps, charts, graphs, puzzles, 3-D rotations Bodily – Kinesthetic body control, movement, athletic

Interpersonal – people smart, communication skills Intrapersonal – self-smart, self-aware Naturalist – nature and environment smart What is the difference between crystalized and fluid intelligence? Crystalized intelligence refers to the ability to utilize skills and knowledge acquired via prior learning (recalling of preexisting info as well as skills) Fluid intelligence is the capacity to think speedily and reason flexibly in order to solve new problems without relying on past experience and accumulated knowledge

Video Review Graphic Organizer

Intelligence Overview Intelligence Theories Overview

Milestone 2: Explain behaviorist theories, concepts, and strategies. In the box below describe the 7 components of classical conditioning identified by Ivan Pavlov: Note: Components = Stimulus, Response, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Response. Unconditioned Stimulus – one that naturally triggers a response Unconditioned Response – unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to UCS Neutral Stimulus – produces no effect until paired with UCS Conditioned Stimulus – previously neutral stimulus that becomes a trigger to Conditioned Response Conditioned Response – learned response to previously Neutral Stimulus (learned reflex) Acquisition – the initial stage of learning when pairing Neutral Stimulus with Unconditioned Response Extinction – when the occurrences of Condition Response decrease or disappear Spontaneous Recovery – reappearance of a Conditioned Response after a rest period

Unlike classical conditioning, operant conditioning relied on shaping behavior through punishment, rewards, and schedules of reinforcement. Use the boxes below to identify the components of operant conditioning according to B.F. Skinner:

Fixed Interval

Variable Interval

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

One reinforcement is given after a fixed time interval providing at least one correct response has been made.

Providing one correct response has been made, reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.

Behavior is reinforced only after the behavior occurs a specified number of times.

Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of times.

RESPONSE: MEDIUM

RESPONSE: FAST

EXTINCTION: MEDIUM

EXTINCTION: SLOW

Ex: pay/hour

Ex: self-employed paid at random times

RESPONSE: FAST EXTINCTION: MEDIUM

RESPONSE: FAST EXTINCTION: SLOW Ex: gambling or fishing

Ex: child gets a star for every 5 words spelled correctly

Note: Try to remember, interval = time; ratio = a number Operant Conditioning Component

Explanation

Shaping

Involves intermediate behaviors that move you toward goal behavior Conditioned response disappears Ability to tell different stimuli apart and only react to one When a conditioned response occurs in reaction to a stimulus Response or consequence that causes behavior to occur less frequently Adding a new stimulus to cause behavior to occur more Removing an old stimulus to cause behavior to occur more

Extinction Discrimination Generalization Punishment Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Note: Remember “positive” and “negative” don’t mean good or bad but rather “to add” or “to takeaway”.

Video Review

Behavioral Learning Theory

Graphic Organizer

Behavioral Learning Theory

Review: What are some instructional strategies used by behaviorists? Positive Reinforcement, Repetition, Motivation Drills, Question and Answer, Guided Practice, Regular Review

Milestone 3-1: Explain cognitivist theories (e.g., information processing and social cognitive), concepts, and strategies.

Use the boxes below to define the components of information processing

Sensory Memory Storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. It is very brief storage —up to a couple of seconds.

Short Term Memory

Working Memory

Long Term Memory

Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. Short-term memory storage lasts about 20 seconds.

Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily. Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decisionmaking and behavior.

Long-term memory is the continuous storage of information. Unlike short-term memory, the storage capacity of long-term memory has no limits.

Can hold 7 pieces of info at a time

Note: When trying to remember the difference between Echoic and Iconic, Echoic = Echo (a sound); Iconic = Icon (visual).

Use the box below to define metacognition and its’ components: Metacognition is the ability to think about thinking. Can be broken down into metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experience, and metacognitive strategies “Drive your brain”, promote a growth mindset, encourage to ask question, use low-stakes assessment strategies to identify gaps in knowledge.

Milestone 3-2: Explain cognitivist theories (e.g., information processing and social cognitive), concepts, and strategies. Use the box below to define self-efficacy and its’ 4 sources: Self-efficacy – the belief that you are capable of carrying out a specific task or of reaching a specific goal Information processes – idea that humans process the info they receive rather than only responding to stimuli: BRAIN=COMPUTER. Input info from environment ->process it->output into environment Social cognitive – 5 categories: psychological determinants of behavior, observational learning, environmental determinants of behavior, self-regulation, moral construct Performance outcomes, verbal persuasion, physiological feedback, vicarious experience

Video Review

Cognitivism Learning Theory

Graphic Organizer

Cognitivism Learning Theory

Review: What are some instructional strategies used by cognitivists (e.g., information processing AND social cognitive)? Asking questions, having opportunities to make errors, fostering self-reflection/self-questioning, think aloud

Milestone 4: Explain humanistic and motivation theories, concepts, and strategies. Use the Table below to define and provide an example of each of the components of the humanistic perspective. Component Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Growth Mindset

Definition Based on what you like to do and makes you happy Based on outside factors like money, rewards, approval Creating an environment where all can succeed

Example Work for a library because you love books Working a job every day because you need money “it’s never too late to learn” can always improve if I try

Note: Think of Humanistic as Hippies, they deal with free will/student choice, emotions and motivation. Video Review

Humanistic Learning Theory

Graphic Organizer

Humanistic Learning Theory

Review: What are some instructional strategies used by humanistic educators? Student choice, fostering engagement to inspire students to become self-motivated to learn, importance of self-evaluation, feeling and knowledge are both important to the learning process and should not be separated.

Milestone 5: Explain cooperative and collaborative learning, concepts, and strategies In the table below, identify the differences between cooperative and collaborative learning. Cooperative The focus is on the product more than the process Students of mixed abilities are grouped together; students work in groups on a structured activity Instruction is teacher-led

Collaborative Focus is on process more than the product Students of similar abilities are grouped together; students work in groups to explore a significant question Instruction is student-led

In the section below, define each of the potential roles students can have in cooperative/collaborative learning: Role Scribe Speaker Inquirer Manager

Task Writes down info for group Speaks for group Asks the teacher questions Tracks materials and tasks

In the boxes below, describe each of the learning models used in the cooperative/collaborative approach:

Station Rotation Model

Lab Rotation Model

Students rotate at fixed points in time at teacher’s discretion.

Within a course or subject, students rotate at fixed points in time on a fixed schedule

Small group, full-class instruction, group projects

Flex Model Online learning Students are able to move flexibly through different learning modalities with the goal of optimizing their learning experience

Milestone 6: Explain constructivist theories, concepts, and strategies. In the table below, describe the differences between social and cognitive constructivism. Constructivism Social Constructivism

Definition Knowledge through human activity Humans can’t be given info they will immediately understand

Cognitive Constructivism

Theorist Vygotski Piaget

Review: What are some instructional strategies used by constructivists? Reciprocal teaching/learning V

Interactive and student-centered

G The teacher facilitates a process of learning in which students are encouraged to be responsible and autonomous Slide Review

Theory-based Instructional Strategies

Module Key Terms Instructions: Be sure you can define, explain and provide examples for the following terms Intelligence Behaviorism Cognitivism Crystalized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence General Intelligence (g-factor) Multiple Intelligence Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Direct Instruction Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Explicit Memory Implicit Memory

Primary Mental Abilities

Humanistic Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Growth Mindset

Punishment Extinction Shaping

Constructivism Cognitive Constructivism Social Constructivism Scaffolding Zone of Proximal Development Project-Based Learning Inquiry-Based Learning Spiral Curriculum

Metacognition Mnemonics Self-Efficacy Reciprocal Teaching Reciprocal Questioning

Cooperative/Collaborative Scribe Speaker Inquirer Manager Heterogenous Grouping Homogeneous Grouping Station Rotation Model Lab Rotation Model Flex Model

Click below to complete the 2 sets of practice questions for this module: Module 7 Practice Questions Form A Intelligence theories through Cognitivism Module 7 Practice Questions Form B Humanism through Constructivism...