Module 7 - Moderators of the Stress Experience PDF

Preview

Summary

- Online health psychology - Ken Fowler
Learning Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:

describe and define coping
know the role of external coping resources
list coping outcomes
explain how social support affects stress
describe cop...

Description

1

MODULE7 Att heendoft hi suni t ,y ouwi l l beabl et o: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

des c r i beanddefinecopi ng k nowt her ol eofex t er nalc opi ngr es our c es l i s tc opi ngout c omes ex pl ai nhows oc i als uppor taffect ss t r es s des c r i becopi ngi nt er v ent i ons

St r es sModer at or s Whatar eSt r es sModer at or s ? St r es smoder at or sar ei nt er nalandext er nal r es our c esandv ul ner abi l i t i est hatmodi f y howst r es si sex per i encedandi t seffec t s.Bot hs t r es si t s el fandt hes t r ess i l l nes s r el at i onshi par ei mpor t ant l yi nfl uenc edbys t r es smoder at or s .Thei mpac tofanyst r es s f ul ev enti ssubs t ant i al l yi nfluenc edbyhowaper s onappr ai sesi t . RememberLaz ar us ’ sv i ewofst r es s ?  

Pr i mar yAppr ai sal —I st heev enthar mf ul ,t hr eat eni ng,orc hal l engi ng? Sec ondar yAppr ai s al —Whatar emycopi ngr es our c esandhowadequat ear et he

1.Whati sCopi ng? Copi ngi st hepr oc es soft r y i ngt omanagedemandst hatar eappr ai sedast ax i ngor ex ceedi ngone’ sr es our ces .

2

Di agr am AboutCopi ng T ay l orandSi r oi s ,2012,p.186.Sour c es :F .Cohen&Laz ar us ,1979;D. A.Hambur g&Adams ,1967;R. S.Laz ar us& Fol k man,1984b;Moos ,1988;S. E.

Per sonal i t yandCopi ng Theper s onal i t yt hateac hi ndi v i dual br i ngst oas t r es s f ul ev enti nfl uenceshows / hewi l l c opewi t ht hatev ent .Cer t ai npeopl ear epr edi s pos edbyt hei rper s onal i t i est o ex per i enc es t r ess f ulev ent sases pec i al l ys t r ess f ul .Thes ei ndi v i dual sar et her ef or eat r i s kf orpoor erheal t h. Negat i v eaffect i v i t y( Wat s on&Cl ar k,1984) :  

aper s onal i t yv ar i abl e—per v as i v enegat i v emood,i nc l udi nganx i et y ,depr es s i on, andhos t i l i t y di s t r es s ,di s comf or t ,anddi s sat i s f act i onacr os sar angeofs i t uat i ons

3  

negat i vi t ymayc ompr omi s eheal t hwi t hel ev at edc or t i sol sec r et i on,poor behav i our ,hi gherr i s kofmor t al i t y ,et c . c ans omet i mesc r eat eaf al s ei mpr es s i onofpoorheal t hwhennoneexi s t s( e. g. , r epor t i ngphy s i c al s y mpt oms ) .

Pessi mi sm Pes s i mi s t sex pec tnegat i v eout comesi nt hef ut ur e.Per hapsi ti sl ear ned?I ti sac hr oni c t endenc yt oexpl ai n:  negat i v eev ent sasduet o o i nt er nal ( “ Ourbr eak upwasal l myf aul t ” ) , o s t abl e( “ I ’ l l nev ergetov ert hi s ” )and o gl obal( “ Wi t houtmypar t nerIc an’ tdoany t hi ngr i ght ” )  at t r i but epos i t i v eev ent st o o ex t er nal( “ He/ s heonl yas k edmeoutbec aus eofmyf r i end” ) , o uns t abl e( “ I ’ m hav i ngagoodt i mebutI ’ ms ur ei twon’ thappenagai n” ) ,and o s pec i fi cf ac t or s( “ So,Imadeagoodi mpr es s i ont hi st i mebutt hati sonl y bec aus eI…) I ti sl i nk edwi t hr educ edi mmunoc ompet enceandl owerSEShav i ngagr eat er ex pec t anc yofanegat i v eev ent .

Per f ect i oni sm At endenc yt oex per i encef r equentcogni t i onsaboutt heat t ai nmentofi deals t andar ds : s oc i al l ypr es c r i bedper f ec t i oni s m—t hebel i eft hatpeopl ehol dunr eal i s t i c al l yhi gh s t andar dsf ort hei rbehavi our  appear st obeas s oc i at edwi t hhi ghs t r es s ,phy s i cal heal t hs y mpt oms ,andl es s f r equentwel l nes spr omot i ngbehav i our  s el f or i ent edper f ect i on—t het endenc yt os ethi ghper sonal s t andar dst omot i v at e ac hi ev ement o appear snott obeas s oc i at edwi t hpoorheal t hout comes  pr oc r ast i nat i on—anav oi dantbehav i our al s t y l e( del ays t ar t i ngat as kordel ay c ompl et i ngt het as k ) o 8095% ofs t udent spr oc r as t i nat e;50% dos oc ons i s t ent l y o as s oc i at edwi t hnegat i v eaffec t i v i t y ,i mpul s i v enes s ,anddepr es s i on 

Chr oni cPr ocr ast i nat or s Chr oni cpr ocr as t i nat or sr epor thi gherl ev el sofs t r es s ,poorwel l nes sbehav i our( e. g. , heal t hyeat i nghabi t s ,ex er c i s e,et c . ) ,del ay si nseek i ngmedi cal car e,gr eat ernumberof heal t hpr obl ems( e. g. ,headac hes ,i ns omni a,di ges t i v epr obl ems )( Si r oi s ,Mel i aGor don, &Py c hy l ,2003) Pr oc r as t i nat or sal s ohav eat endencyt onegat i vel yev al uat et hems el v eswhi c hcanaffec t s el f es t eem,andc r eat enegat i v eat t r i but i ons .

4 St udentpr ocr as t i nat or sar emor el i k el yt oengagei nheal t hc ompr omi si ngbehav i our ( e. g. ,hi gheral c ohol c ons umpt i on,r ec r eat i onaldr ugus e,s mok i ng;Si r oi s&Py c hy l , 2002) .

Copi ngResour ces Di sposi t i onalOpt i mi sm Di s pos i t i onalopt i mi s mi sagener alex pec t ancyt hatgoodt hi ngswi l l happeni nt he f ut ur e.Thef ol l owi ngs i l l yv i deowass hownbyoneofmyf or mers t udent si nhi s pr es ent at i onaboutopt i mi s m andpes s i mi s m. . .i tcer t ai nl ypr ov i desac l eari l l ust r at i on! Anopt i mi s t i cnat ur ec anl eadpeopl et ocopemor eeffec t i v el ywi t hs t r es sandt her eby r educet hei rr i s kf ori l l ness .Sc hei er&Car v er( 1985)ac t ual l ydev el opedameas ur i ng t oolc al l edt heLi f eOr i ent at i onT es t :  

opt i mi s m wasass oc i at edwi t hl es ss t r es sanddepr es s i on opt i mi s t smor el i k el yt os eekoutsoc i als uppor tandr ei nt er pr etpos i t i v el yt he s t r es s f ulc i r cums t ances

Opt i mi sm Opt i mi s mi sas s oc i at edwi t hpos i t i v eemot i onals t at es ,mor eus eofpr obl emf oc us ed c opi ng,s eek i ngofs oc i als uppor t ,andemphas i z i ngt hepos i t i v eas pec t sofast r es s f ul s i t uat i on.

Pessi mi sm Pes s i mi s mi sas s oc i at edwi t hdeni al anddi s t anc i ngf r om t heev ent ,f oc usi ngdi r ect l yon s t r es s f ulf eel i ngs ,anddi s engagementf r om t hegoal wi t hwhi c ht hes t r es s orwas i nt er f er i ng.

Compar edt opessi mi st s,opt i mi st s…  

t endt ohav el owerbl oodpr es s ur e ar eatl owerr i s kofc or onar yhear tdi s eas e,negat i v es i deeffect sofc anc er t r eat ment ,depr es s i on,r es pi r at or ydy s f unct i on

Ps y chol ogi cal Cont r ol Ps y c hol ogi cal c ont r ol i st hebel i eft hatonecandet er mi neone’ sownbehav i our , i nfl uenc eone’ senv i r onment ,and/ orbr i ngaboutdes i r edout c ome.I ti sr el at edt os el f efficacy . Ac r os sawi dev ar i et yofi nv es t i gat i ons ,i ti saf eel i ngt hatonec anc ont r ol t hes t r es s f ul ev ent shasbeenr el at edt o:

5 emot i onalandphy s i cal wel l bei ng, s uc c es s f ul copi ngwi t has t r ess f ulev ent , behav i ourc hanget hatmaypr omot egoodheal t h,and i mpr ov edper f or manc eoncogni t i v et as k s Cont r olenhanc i ngi nt er v ent i ons —e. g. ,i nf or mat i on,r el ax at i on,c ogni t i v ebehav i our t ec hni ques ,c ogni t i v er es t r uc t ur i ng



  



Beenus edf orunpl eas antmedi c alpr oc edur esl i k egas t r oendos c opi cpr ocedur es , c hemot her apy ,r adi at i ont her apy ,et c .

Copi ngSt y l e Copi ngs t y l er ef er st oani ndi v i dual ’ spr ef er r edmet hodofdeal i ngwi t hs t r es sf ul s i t uat i ons .Somepeopl ecopewi t hat hr eat eni ngev entbyus i nganav oi dant( mi ni mi z i ng) c opi ngs t y l e.Ot her sus eanappr oac h( c onf r ont at i v e,v i gi l ant )c opi ngs t y l ebygat her i ng i nf or mat i onort aki ngdi r ec tact i on. Appr oac hr el at edc opi ngmos ts uc ces sf uli ff oc usoni nf or mat i oni ns i t uat i onr at hert han onone’ semot i ons ,andi ft her ear eac t i onst hatc anr educ es t r es s or Ov er al l ,i t ’ sus ual l ybet t ert oconf r onti fs t r es s ori sl ongt er m.Avoi danc emayl eadt o negat i v eps y chol ogi cal andphy s i c al heal t hout comes.

Copi ngSt r at egi es Pr obl emf ocusedCopi ng  

at t emptt odos omet hi ngc ons t r uc t i v eaboutt hes t r es s f ulcondi t i onst hatar e har mf ul ,t hr eat eni ng,orc hal l engi ng. emer gesi nc hi l dhood

Emot i onf ocusedCopi ng at t emptt or egul at eemot i onsex per i enc edbec aus eoft hes t r es s f ulev ent dev el opsi nl at ec hi l dhood,ear l yadol es c enc e t wot y pes : o Rumi nat i ng( negat i v er ec ur r entt hought s ;det r i ment al t oheal t h) , o Emot i onal appr oac hc opi ng( c l ar i f y i ng,f oc us i ngon,andwor k i ngt hr ough t heemot i ons ;benefi ci alf ormanyc ondi t i ons ) Mos tpeopl eusebot ht y pesofs t r at egi est odeal wi t has t r es sf uls i t uat i on.

  

2.Ex t er nal Copi ngRes our c es

6 Copi ngi si nfluencednotonl ybyi nt er nalr es our c es ,butal s oex t er nalr es our ces .

Whatar eEx t er nalCopi ngRes our ces ?

Mor t al i t yRat ebySoc i oEc onomi cSt at us(per1, 000Mal es ) T ay l orandSi r oi s ,2012,p.198.SOURCE:J .Fel dman,Mak uc ,Kl ei nman,&Cor ononi Hunt l ey ,1989.

Whatt y pesofex t er nalr es our c esmi ghtaffec ty ourabi l i t yt ocope ? 

t i me

7        

money educ at i on decentj ob c hi l dr en f ami l y / f r i ends s t andar dofl i v i ng pr es enc eof( +)ev ent s absenc eofs t r es sor s

3.Copi ngOut comes Wheni sCopi ngSucces sf ul ? Copi ngeffor t sar ej udgedt obes ucc es s f ul whent hey : r educephy s i ol ogi cal i ndi c at or sofar ousal( e. g. ,hear tr at e,bl oodpr es s ur e,pul s e, s k i nc onduct i v i t y ,c at ec hol ami neandc or t i cos t er oi dr educ t i on) ;  enabl et heper s ont or et ur nt opr es t r es sac t i v i t i es;  f r eet hei ndi v i dualf r om ps y c hol ogi c al di s t r es s( e. g. ,depr es si on,anx i et y ) St r es smanagementpr ogr amsex i s tf ort hos ewhoneedai di ndevel opi ngt hei rc opi ng s k i l l s .Thes epr ogr amst eachpeopl et o: 

  

i dent i f ys our c esofs t r es s , dev el opcopi ngs k i l l st odeal wi t ht hos est r es s or s ,and pr ac t i ceempl oy i ngs t r es smanagements ki l l sandmoni t or i ngt hei reffec t i v enes s

.

4 HowDoesSoc i alSuppor tAffect St r ess ? Soc i al s uppor thasbeendefi nedas : i nf or mat i onf r om ot her st hatonei sl ov edandc ar edf or ,es t eemedandv al ued par tofanet wor kofc ommuni c at i onandmut ual obl i gat i onsf r om par ent s ,a s pouse/ l ov er ,ot herr el at i v es ,f r i ends ,s oci al andc ommuni t ycont r act s( c hur c h/ c l ubs ) orev enapet Soc i al s uppor teffec t i v el yr educesps y chol ogi c al di st r es s ,l i k el i hoodofi l l nes s ,r i s kof mor t al i t yduet os er i ousdi s eas e.Peopl ewi t hhi ghl ev el sofs oc i alsuppor tar e:

 

8    

mor eadher entt ot hei rmedi cat i onr egi mens mor el i k el yt ous eheal t hs er v i c es s howf ewercompl i c at i onsdur i ngpr egnancy / c hi l dbi r t h i nc r eas eds el f es t eem

For msofSoc i alSuppor t     

t angi bl eas s i st anc e( orsuppor t ) —pr ovi s i onofmat er i al s uppor t ,e. g. ,fi nanc i al as s i s t anc e,goodands er v i c es . i nf or mat i onal s uppor t —pr ov i s i onofi nf or mat i on( e. g. ,adv i c e,gui danc e,f eedbac k ) t oaper s onex per i enc i ngs t r es sf r om peopl ei nt hei ndi vi dual ’ ss oc i al net wor k emot i onals uppor t —i ndi cat i onsf r om ot herpeopl et hatonei sl ov ed,v al ued,and c ar edf or ,enc our ageex pr ess i onoff eel i ngs posi t i v es oc i ali nt er ac t i on—av ai l abi l i t yofot her st odof unt hi ngswi t hy ou i nv i s i bl es uppor t —whenoner ec ei veshel pf r om ot her s,buti sunawar eofi t

Effect sofSoci al Suppor t I mpactonpsychol ogi caldi st r ess  

l ackofs oc i al s uppor tc anbes t r es s f ul s oc i als uppor tcanr educ edepr es s i onandanxi et y

Physi ol ogi calandneur oendocr i ner esponse   

s uppor t i v es oc i alc ont ac tappear st oi ncr eas et hepr oduct i onofoxy t oc i n( whi c h l ower st hes t r es sr es ponse) s oc i als uppor t( ev eni nt hef or m ofapet )c anl owerhear tr at e,bl oodpr es s ur e, andc ont r i but et ophy s i ol ogi c al r ec ov er y r educesc or t i sol s ec r et i on

Moder at i onofSt r es sbySoc i alSuppor t   

Di r ec tEffec t sHy pot hes i smai nt ai nst hats oc i al s uppor ti sgener al l ybenefi c i al dur i ngnons t r es s f ult i mesaswel lasdur i nghi ghl ys t r es s f ult i mes Buffer i ngHy pot hes i smai nt ai nst hatt heheal t handment al heal t hbenefit sar e c hi eflyev i dentdur i ngper i odsofhi ghs t r es s Whent her ei sl i t t l es t r es s,s oc i als uppor tmayhav ef ewphy si c al orment alheal t h benefit s.So,s oc i al s uppor t“ buffer s ”orbl unt st henegat i veeffec t sofs t r es s .Ther ei s evi dencet os uppor tbot ht heor i es .

WhatKi ndsofSoci al Suppor tAr eMost Effect i v e ? Notal l as pec t sofsoci al s uppor tar eequal l ypr ot ec t i veagai ns tst r es s .Fori ns t anc e: 

hav i nga“ c onfi dant ”maybeas uper i orf or m ofs oc i als uppor t

9 t oomuc hori nt r us i v es uppor tmayex acer bat es t r es s t oomuc hadv i cemaybeov er whel mi ng c er t ai nt y pesofs oc i als uppor tmayl eadt heper s ont of eel gui l t ,i nadequat e,and l owers el f es t eem Thebenefi c i al effect sofs oc i al s uppor tar enotneces s ar i l yc umul at i v e.Thati s ,havi ng onegoodf r i endout wei ghshav i ng12ac quai nt ancesorf r i ends .



 

Wheni sSoci al Suppor tEffect i v e ? Ther eal s oappeart obegenderdi ffer enc esi nt het ypesofsoci al suppor tt hatar e benefi c i al .War eham,Fowl er&Pi k e( 2007) ;Fowl eretal .( 2013) , .ex pl or edhows oc i al s uppor tmoder at esdur at i onands ev er i t yofdepr es s i on( us edt heCanadi anCommuni t y Heal t hSur v ey ,n=6, 316) . Ov er al l ,pos i t i v es oci ali nt er act i ondec r eas eddur at i onofdepr es s i oni nmal esand f emal es .Tangi bl es oc i al s uppor twasr el at edt oadec r eas ei ns y mpt omsf ormenbutan i nc r easesi naffec t i onwasr el at edt oi nc r eas eddur at i onofs ympt omsi nmen( i nt er f er e wi t hpr obl emf ocusedc opi ng?) .I nc r eas edemot i onal / i nf or mat i onal suppor tdec r eas ed t hedur at i onofdepr es s i oni nwomen( al l r umi nat i v ec opi ngnotbad?) Wheni sSoc i alSuppor tEffec t i v e ?WhatAboutt heSour c eoft heSoc i alSuppor t ?

Dyadi cCopi ng  

t hei nt er pl ayoft hes t r es sex per i enc edwhi c hi sexpr es s edbyonepar t nerand i nfluenc edbyt hec opi ngr eac t i onsoft heot her i fc oupl esr es pondempat het i cal l yt oeac hot her ’ ss t r es s ,i thel psr educes t r es s

Mat chi ngHypot hesi s      

mat c hi ngone’ sneedst oov er comest r es swi t hwhatoner ec ei v esf r om ot her si n t hei rs oc i al net wor k emot i onals uppor ti si mpor t antwhenr ec ei v edf r om i nt i mat eot her s i nf or mat i onal s uppor tmaybemor ei mpor t antwhenr ecei vedf r om v al uabl e exper t s s pous al s uppor ti sv er ypr ot ec t i v eofheal t h,espec i al l yf ormen s eni ormenwhower ewi dowedhadahi gherl i k el i hoodofdyi ngoveranei ght y ear per i odt hanmenwhower emar r i edorl i v i ngwi t hapar t ner( Wi l k i ns ,2005) men’ sheal t hs i gni fi cant l ybenefit sf r om mar r i age,womenonl yasl i ghtbenefit

Enhanci ngSoci alSuppor t Mor eCanadi ansar el i v i ngal oneandf ami l ys i zesar edec r eas i ng.I n1941,38% of hous ehol dsc ompr i s edoff ami l i esoffi v eormor e,and6% c ons i s t edofonl yoneper s on. Compar et hatt o2006when27% ofal lhous ehol dswer eoneper s onhous ehol ds ,8% hadfi v eormor e.

10 Forfi r s tt i mei nr ec enthi s t or y ,mor eCanadi anadul t sar eunmar r i ed.But ,i nt er net bas ed s uppor tgr oupsar ei ncr eas i ngi npopul ar i t y .Whatmi ghtt hi smeanf orheal t handwel l bei ngi nt er msofs oc i al s uppor t ? Thef ol l owi ngvi deocons i der ss oc i al medi a' spot ent i al i mpactont hel i v esofpeopl e.

5.Copi ngI nt er v ent i ons Whatar eCopi ngI nt er v ent i ons ? Mi ndf ul nessbasedst r essr educt i on( MBSR)  

t r ai ni ngi nmedi t at i ont oas s i s ti ns el fr egul at i ngr eac t i onst os t r es sandany negat i v eemot i onsr es ul t i ngf r om s t r es s r el ax at i ont ool s ,y oga,medi t at i on

Di scl osur e 

acons i der abl eamountofr es ear c hs uggest st hatc ommuni c at i ngf eel i ngst o anot herper s on( t al ki ngorwr i t i ng)c anhel ppeopl ec onf r ontf eel i ngsandav oi d f es t er i ng,andpr oduc i ngobs es s i v et hought s

St r essmanagement   

s t r es si nt hewor k pl ac et r ans l at esi nt o$33bi l l i on/ y earf r om Canadi aneconomy appr oxi mat el y20% ofacompany ’ sr ev enuei sal l ocat edt owar dc ost sas s oc i at ed wi t hs t r es sr el at edpr obl ems( e. g. ,abs ent eei s m,l ongt er m di s abi l i t y ,et c . ) i ndi v i dual s t r es sal s oaffec t st eam per f or manc eands oci alandpr of es s i onal r el at i ons hi psatwor k...