Music final PDF

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Final Exam comprehensive review...

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Quizlet - https://quizlet.com/347502871/munm-final-flash-cards/ The Powwow: Terms/Topic:

Contest Powwow-most contest powwows welcome everyone to experience the culture, some competition element

Powwow Etiquette -prohibit the use of photography or filming, only allowed if given permission - regalia, instruments, and equipment should never be touched without permission - always listen to the mc (master of ceremonies) and the staff directors, follow directions - use of drugs and alcohol are prohibited - be respectful

M.C.- (master of ceremonies) powwow officially begins when the m.c. encourages all participants to line up and calls for the Grand Entry to begin - will ask everyone to rise, take off their hats, and show respect for those entering into the arena

Grand Entry - the intertribal dance can also be used as this -host drum provides music for the grand entry - first, flag bearers and color guard will enter - secondly, honored guests, elders, powwow committee members of head staff, host veteran organizations and powwow princesses - thirdly, once everyone has entered the arena, flag song, invocation/prayer song, veterans' song, and posting of colors

Flag Song-dedicated to the men and women who have served in the armed forces in various wars. Same idea as the National Anthem.

Prayer Song-Follows the Flag Song in a powwow

The Drum - Most important element of the powwow & is often referred to as the “heartbeat of the people”

Singers-Individuals who perform around the drum

Honor Beats - Drum strikes that are approximately twice as long, or twice as far apart, as a straight beat pattern. It also a time to show respect for the drum & the ability to dance. (Northern songs have 3-12 honor beats) (Southern songs have only 3 honor beats) -

Northern plains: increase in tempo during honor beats

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Southern: increase in tempo during second/intro lead section where male singers join in

Sneak-up Dance-a powwow competition dance song performed by Lakota drum group eagle ridge singers. Battle reenactment dance, Northern traditional dancer. Wears a circular bustle (round feather arrangement), all dancers are men

Powwow Song Structure- intro: drum begins - lead: 1 male lead singer - second: all male singers enter - primary verse: all male singers and female singers enter the middle of this section - secondary verse: all singers

Push-Up-northern plains: repetition of the song (Northern Plains drum will perform 6 for an intertribal song, and 4 for contest song)

Start - when a southern plains song is repeated (Southern Plains drum will perform 4 for an intertribal song, and 3 for contest song)

Stop -First way a song can end; after final secondary verse (contest songs usually end w/ this) Tail = another way a song can end; the verse is repeated after the final secondary verse (Northern Plains

Cozad Singers-Kiowa drum group Head Singers and Host Drums-intro and lead of a powwow song

Head Man and Head Woman Dancers-lead and primary verse

Exhibition Dances-tiny tots, hoop dancing, team dancing (need to know what they look like too)

Regalia - elaborate dance outfits that are unique to each dancer & represent tribal or ancestral histories-most common personalized items Musical Aspects: You should be able to determine if the drum from the Northern or Southern Plains. -the southern drum is larger which produces a lower-pitched and "deeper"

sounding beat (up to 12 singers) - the northern drum is smaller resulting in a higher pitched sound (up to 10)

Make sure you can support your answer. Here are some possible considerations:

How many honor beats are played-Twice

Where the honor beats are placed - northern is during verses - southern is between verses

Southern honor beats appear first.

Vocal Range Southern Vocal Range: Low - Middle vocal range Northern Vocal Range: Middle - High vocal range Description of the quality of singing - northern is lots of vocal tension and wide vibrato - southern is some to no vocal tension and vibrato

Drumbeat Patterns: Straight, Round, Ruffle - straight: evenly places drum beats - round: long beat followed by a short beat, with a heavy accent on the short beat

- ruffle: drum gets louder and faster ● Each singer beats as fast as possible while varying the dynamic level ● Songs w/ a ruffle beat will switch between straight and ruffle beat

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Northern plains: increase in tempo during honor beats

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Southern: increase in tempo during second/intro lead section where male singers join in

● Round beat pattern = “Round Dance”, Northern plains song ● Song structure = order of which different parts of the song occur Dances: Be able to identify the dance through picture or video. Know the basic dance styles, regalia, and histories.

Jingle Dress (know the origin story) - A dance traditionally performed as a spiritual dance that could help those who are sick -regardless of origin story, there are 2 important features 1) Important of dreams and visions as a guiding force in the dance 2) Healing aspect of the dress/dance

- the first story, ojibwe version, elderly grandfather whose granddaughter became very ill. Great spirit told him to make a dress that would contain ability to cure and she dance in it. - second story, chippewa, first seen by a medicine man in a dream. in his dream, four women in special dresses provide directions on how to make dresses using metal cones to produce a beautiful sound -regalia ● Solid colored fabric w/ full or 2/3 sleeves ● Jingles used to be made of dip and snuff cans, but now with metals ● Dancers hold fan of feathers and wear an eagle plume or other feathers in hair Fancy Dance- best recognized as coming out of a combination of traditional warrior society dancing styles and the dance traditions that developed out of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West shows and added more dramatic and elaborate movements. ● Male fancy dance -Regalia ● U-shaped bustles and small arm bustles ● Northern & Southern combine elements, but have small differences ○ Northern: two feathers in roach headdress using spinner, which allows them to spin ○ Southern: two feathers in headdress but rock back and forth ● Favor bright colors -Dances ● Fast footwork

Fancy Shawl - dress or skirt below the knee, a yoke, moccasins, leggings, and a

shawl worn over the shoulders ● Female Fancy Dance -dances ● Describes as butterflies hovering ground

Women’s Traditional (Buckskin and Cloth) - a presentation through grace & pride through dance. Dance regalia is divided into two categories; Buckskin & Cloth, long fringe will hang from the shoulders of the dress, women generally wear a plume, but a single eagle feather can also be worn as a head ornament -dance steps ● Northern: steps coincide with beat of the drum; fringe and hanging regalia sway with drum as well, dance of toes ● Southern: dance flat footed Grass Dance- long strands of brightly colored fringe made from yarn or cotton broadcloth flow from the shoulders of the dancers' shirts, the knees of their pants, and the bottom of their aprons or vests -

Often credited as Northern plains; today is considered intertribal

Southern Men’s Straight Dance (know Helushka)known for its smoothness and movements bestowing pride - movements highlight the dancers' standing "straight up and bending down" dance steps Northern Traditional (storytelling) - A men’s powwow dance has a long lineage rooted in storytelling of a warriors battle - symbolism of the reenactment and lineage to a warrior society, but modern elements included on the regalia and changes in the dances is still a vital part of

today's society Dance steps -

Reenact in respectful way to honor the dance and not be “showy”

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Cannot dance backwards b/c it shows “retreating”

regalia -

Crow or round bustle on lower back

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Leather or cloth leggings and breechcloth and aprons worn on top

The Native American Flute: Terms/Topics:

Kokopelli - hunchback flute player often seen throughout the southwest (any rock art image of flute player from southwest)

-La Danza De Los Voladores (know performance elements and the roles of the performers) - (Dance of the Flyers) performance. - central mexico (The Huastec, Nahua and Otomi) - one variation: mixture of Catholic and Mexican traditions - men and women both perform - traditional Totonac performance ● 5 performers ● Regalia: embroidered red pants, white skirt, embroidered sash & heavily decorated cap ● Five dancers begin to climb pole with the caporal; ○ caporal gets to top, plays flute and small drum ○ other 4 sit of platform just below, wrap their ropes around the pole, then eventually fall backward off the platform ○ After they descend, the caporal will do his own descent

Caporal - Leader in La Danza De Los Voladores

Manzana - selection of tree and cutting of it called tsakae kiki - five dancers begin to climb pole with the leader going first and stays at top of peak of the pole - four voladores sit on a square platform under manzana called cuadro Native American flute (know its construct and purpose)-The Native American flute is played vertically by blowing air into the mouthpiece. The flute consists of two chambers and when air is blown into the mouthpiece it flows up the ramp and is split into two directions, first moving between the block and the plug. At this point, some of the air is released through the splitting edge and the rest is moved into the second chamber. After the air has reached the second chamber, the performer can change the pitch by changing which finger holes are left open and which finger holes are covered. As shown in the diagram above, it is optional for flutes to also include direction holes at the bottom of the flute. The direction holes are said to allow the music to be sent out in all four directions.

Block (also know other related terms)- Shape of flute (bird,totem,fetish)

Finger holes-change the pitch, usually 2-6 holes, which means 5-6 note scale depending on the amount of holes

Mouthpiece -flute is played by blowing air into

Materials used to make the flutes -bone such as cedar, redwood, bamboo, and

eagle bone, wood, and cane (rare = metal and clay)

Warble-The sound, popularized by Doc Tate, is similar to wide vibrato, in that the player quickly vacillates between two different pitches. This is usually done on the lowest note on the flute, but can be played on other pitches as well.One of the most distinctive sounds played on the Native American flute

Vibrato-- an undulation or change in pitch on a single note to create what is often called a vibrating, shaking, or wavering effect. - When a singer or performer uses vibrato on a note, he or she moves away from the original pitch of the note and back.

Paul Goble’s “love flute” – know the story and how the flute was constructed - use a love flute to woo the woman he loved, to speak to her of things that words alone could never express - a young man too timid to profess his love is presented with such a flute by two mysterious Elk men

The Offering- Mary Youngblood's first album recorded in the moaning cavern of Vallecito, Ca.

Bacone College- Private liberal arts college in Muskogee, OK; unique for its dedication to teaching traditional Native American arts

People to Know: For each of the people listed below you should know who they are and their contribution to promoting Native American music and culture.

Doc Tate Nevaquaya-comanche painter and flutist whose album became the foundation album for the native american flute revitalization movement

Belo Cozad - a Kiowa flute player, maker, & teacher that inspired many young musicians. He is known for his incredible flutes & pedagogical legacy

Woody Crumbo- world-renowned artist and dancer

Acee Blue Eagle- painter and leading academic in american indian art

Richard Payne - a flute collector from Oklahoma & worked with Doc Tate Nevaquaya in the 1960s.

Tom Mauchahty Ware- forged the way for the revitalization movement of the native american flute, and it became musical centerpiece of native american music

Kevin Locke - is a world renowned storyteller, educator, & hoop dancer -notable performed whose work inspired the next generation of flutists

R. Carlos Nakai-cross-cultural collaborator has taken the flute to unexpected places

Mary Youngblood -took the art of flute outside of normal native american music and popularized it (won 2 grammy’s)

Robert Mirabal-created elaborate live stage performances to share his culture

Supaman-blended the flute and other traditional cultural elements into their music

Stomp Dance: What is Stomp dance? traditional percussive instruments used were leg rattles made from turtle shells; purpose is for religion and can only be performed on religious grounds

Where did it originate? the southeast through the native diaspora and changes in available resources, some nations adopted the use of metal can leg rattles for ceremonial use

Where is it practiced now? on ceremonial grounds,

What is the Green Corn religion? religious ceremony typically occurring in late July-August, determined by the ripening of the corn crops

How would you describe the music? (Sounds and Form) -Male Vocals, 1 male vocalist leads the others. Who dances and what dance steps are performed? -performed by various Eastern Woodland tribes - refers to shuffle and stomp movements of the dance

Terms/Topics “Know Me” by Litefoot-created a space for contemporary native american musicians

Muscogee-known as creek and the creek confederacy

Turtle Shell Leg Rattles (know other types of instrument constructions as well). -cow horn, gourd, carved wood, and hide Other topics of note: #MMIW-collation to stop violence against native women

Naát’áaníí Means-navajo word for leader, rapper/ activist, social issues for young children, he was in the video we watched

Mike Cliff a.k.a “Witko”-street artist, graphic designer, and hip-hop artist, founded True Pride music

Frank Waln-used his music to raise awareness of native american issues

Inez Jasper-awareness to how native women have been mistreated

Buddy Red Bow-awareness to how native women have been mistreated Cultural Appropriation-concept in sociology dealing with the adoption of the elements of a minority culture by members of the dominant culture

Muscogee Hymns - were created with influence from outside musical traditions Playing Indian-discusses the way in which white American men have adopted Indian traditions, images, and clothing, citing examples like the Boston Tea Party, the Improved Order of Red Men, Tammany Hall

“The Pale Faced Indian” (know its musical evolution)-ethnic slur used by some native americans

“Indian Outlaw”-tim mcgraw song that contains several offensive lines to native americans

Cultural Misappropriation-The intentional theft of tangible or non-tangible cultural commodities by an outsider with the intent to be used for economic gain or to intentionally create a stereotype Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Shows-a huge source of cultural appropriation against native americans

“What Makes the Red Man Red”-native american song in peter pan, sung by Indians and main characters of the movie...