N. Period 6 1865 - 1898 Amsco Note Taking Guide (Ch. 18) PDF

Preview

Summary

assigned book notes...

Description

Period 6: 1865 - 1898 Chapter 18: The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900 [339 - 353] Due Date: THURSDAY, JANUARY 25 -

Chicago hosted World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893, 12 million people, present new industrial tech and architects vision of ideal urban environment Chicago 1 million people, while marvel of urban structure, pollution, poverty, crime, and vice - Confusion of languages Represented industrialization, immigration, and urbanization as ways of changing US society

A Nation of Immigrants - US pop tripled from 23.2 mil in 1850 to 17.2 mil in 1900 - 16.2 mil immigrants, additional 8.8 mil in 1901-1910 -

-

Growth of Immigration - Increased pushes (people fleeing) and pulls (attractions of new country) - Pushes (negative) - Poverty of farmers by political turmoil and machines for farmwork - Overcrowding and joblessness from population boom - Religious persecution (Jews) - Pulls (positive) - Country’s rep for political and religious freedom - Economic opportunities by settling West - Abundance of industrial jobs in cities - Large steamships and inexpensive travel “Old” Immigrants and “New” Immigrants - 1880s immigrants from N and W Europe: The British Isles, Germany, and Scandinavia - Protestants, English speaking, high level of literacy, occupational skills made it easy to blend in - New Immigrants - 1890s and to WW1 In 1914, origins of immigrants change - S and E Europe - Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians - Poor and illiterate, left autocratic countries, non democratic traditions - Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Jewish - Crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NY, Chicago, and other major cities - 25% were birds of passage- young men for unskilled factory, mining, and construction, would return to native lands once saving fair sum of money - Scapegoats - Restricting Immigration - In 1870s, Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi began work on statue of liberty, few legal restrictions on immigration to US - 1886, year we got statue, Congress passed laws restricting immigration - Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, ban all new immigrants from China - 1882 restriction on undesirable people, paupers, criminals, convicts, mentally incompetent - Contract Labor Law of 1885 restrict temporary workers to protect Am workers - A literacy test for immigrants vetoes by Pres Cleveland but passes in 1917 - Soon after opening Ellis Island immigration center in 1892, new arrivals had to pass more rigorous med exam and pay tax before entering

-

-

Efforts to restrict immigration supported by - Labor unions, fear employers use immigrants to depress wages and break strikes - Nativist society, American Protective Association, openly prejudiced against Roman Catholics - Social Darwinists who view new immigrants as biologically inferior to English and German stocks - Severe depression in 1890s foreigners became scapegoat for jobless workers, employers blamed them for strikes and labor movements Didn’t stop flow of immigrants At turn of century ~15% of US pop were immigrants Statue of Liberty remained beacon of hope for poor, oppressed S and E Europe until 1920s when Quota Acts almost closed the door

Urbanization - Developed simultaneously with industrialization - Cities provide laborers for factories and market for factory-made goods - Shift from rural to urban became more obv with each decade - 1900- 40% of Ams live in cities or towns - 1920- more Ams live in urban than in rural - Moving to cities were both immigrants and internal migrants - 1897-1930 nearly 1 mil southern blacks settled in N and W cities -

Changes in the Nature of Cities - Significant changes in population size and internal structure and design - Streetcar Cities - Improvements in urban transportation made growth of cities possible - Streetcar cities formed b/c people could commute to work and live farther away - 1890s: horse-drawn cars and cable cars replaced by electric trolleys, elevated RR, and subways - Building of massive steel suspension bridges (NY Brooklyn Bridge 1883) made longer commutes possible from residential to center city - Mass transportation segregated urban workers by income - Upper and middle classes moved to suburbs away from pollution, poverty, and crime of city - Older sections of city left to working poor (many immigrants) - Residential areas/suburbs led to class, race, ethnic, and cultural divisions in US society - Skyscrapers - Increasing land values in central business district led to construction of tall buildings - 1885: William Le Baron Jenny built 10-story Home Insurance Co. Building building in Chicago; first skyscraper w/ steel skeleton - Innovations used: Otis elevator and central steam-heating system w/ radiators - 1900: steel-framed skyscrapers dominant feature of urban skyline - Ethnic Neighborhoods - Landlords divided up inner-city housing into small rooms (w/out windows) for more profit - To correct unlivable conditions NYC passed law in 1879 that required each bedroom to have a window - Dumbbell tenements built cheaply w/ ventilation shafts in center of building to provide windows - Overcrowding and filth in new tenements promoted spread of diseases: cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis

-

-

Immigrant groups created distinct ethnic neighborhoods in tenements to maintain own language, culture, church, and social club - Sometimes own newspaper and school - “Ghettos” often served as springboards for immigrants and children to achieve their version of the “American dream” - Residential Suburbs - Residential pattern in US contrast Europe where wealthy in business districts and lowerincome on outlying - Five factors prompt people to suburbs - Abundant land, low cost - Inexpensive transportation by rail - Low-cost construction methods- wooden, balloon-frame house - Ethnic and racial prejudice - Am fondness for grass, privacy, detached individual houses - Frederick Olmsted (landscape architect) designed Central Park in 1860s, also designed suburban communities with curved roads and open spaces - 1900s suburbs grown around every major city and single-family dwelling with ornamental lawn became Am ideal - World’s first suburban nation - Private City Versus Public City - Increasing disease, crime, waste, water pollution, and air pollution convinced citizens and gov of need for municipal water purification, sewerage systems, waste disposal, street lighting, police departments, and zoning laws to regulate urban development - 1890- City Beautiful movement advanced grand plans to make tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions Boss and Machine Politics - Consolidation of power in business had parallel in urban politics - Political parties in major cities under control of tightly organized groups of politicians (Political Machines) - Tammany Hall in NYC- social clubs and power centers to coordinate needs of businesses and immigrants, welfare for urban newcomers - Graft and fraud - NYC 1860s- 65% of public building funds ended up in pocket of Boss Tweed and cronies

Awakening of Reform -

-

Books of Social Criticism - San Fran journalist, Henry George, published book in 1879, Progress and Poverty, critical of laissez-faire economics, inequalities in wealth caused by industrialization, proposed replacing all taxes with single tax on land to solve poverty - Edward Bellamy 1888, Looking Backward 2000-1887, envision future era w/ no poverty, greed, and crime - Shift in public opinion away from pure laissez-faire and towards gov regulations Settlement Houses - Young, well-educated women and middle class men moved into immigrant neighborhoods to learn about problems, lived and worked in settlement houses, relieve effects of poverty - Hull House in Chicago by Jane Addams in 1889, taught English to immigrants, pioneered early childhood education, taught industrial arts, est neighborhood theaters and music schools - By 1910, more than 400 settlement houses

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Political activists for child-labor laws, housing reform, women’s rights Frances Perkins and Harry Hopkins later went to leadership roles in FDR’s reform program, the New Deal, in the 1930s Social Gospel - 1880s and 1890s, protestant clergy espoused the cause of social justice for the poor (urban), preached Social Gospel, importance of applying Christian principles to social problems - Walter Rauschenbusch led Social Gospel movement in late 1800s to early 1900s - Worked in impoverished NYC Hell’s Kitchen - Wrote several books urging organized religions to take up social justice cause - Social Gospel preaching linked Christianity w/ Progressive reform movement and encouraged many middle-class Protestants to attack urban problems Religion and Society - Adaptations of religions to stresses and challenges of modern urban living - Roman Catholicism - rapid growth from immigrants - Cardinal James Gibbons of Baltimore inspired devoted support of immigrants by defending Knights of Labor and cause of organized labor - Protestants helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life - Dwight Moody: founded the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago 1889 - Salvation army (from England 1879) provided basic necessities to homeless and poor while preaching Christian gospel - Mary Baker Eddy: taught that good health was result of correct thinking ab “Father Mother God” - Church of Christ, Scientist AKA Christian Science - Popular to urban middle class Families in Urban Society - Strain on family by separating them from extended family and village support - Divorce rates increased to 1/12 by 1900 (legislation expanded grounds for divorce including cruelty and desertion) - Reduction in family size; children seen more as economic liability Voting Rights for Women - 1890: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony of NY helped found the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to secure vote for women - Wyoming first to grant full suffrage to women in 1869 - 1900: some state allowed women to vote in local elections; must allow women to own and control property after marriage Temperance Movement - Excessive drinking by male factory workers was one cause of poverty for immigrant and working-class families - Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) 1874 - Led by Frances E. Willard of Evanston, IL; Advocated total abstinence from alcohol; 500,000 members by 1898 - Anti Saloon League 1893 became powerful political force - 1916: persuaded 21 states to close down all saloons and bars Urban Reform - Grassroot efforts arose to combat corruption in city govs - NY Theodore Roosevelt tried to clean up NYC Police Dept. - B/c of efforts became VP nominee in 1896 and later pres

-

Many Gilded Age reformers not see efforts have national impact until early 1900s

Intellectual and Cultural Movements -

-

Changes in Education - Question about what schools should teach - Public Schools - Elementary schools post-1865 taught reading, writing and arithmetic, and the traditionals values promoted in the standard texts, McGuffey's readers - Compulsory educations laws requiring children to attend school increased amount of enrolled students - 1900: literacy rate rose to 90% - Practice of kindergarten popularized and reflected growing interest in early-childhood education in US - Growing support for tax-supported public high schools - High Schools began to provide vocational and citizenship education - Higher Education - Number of US colleges increased in late 1800s b/c of: - Land-grant colleges est. under federal Morrill acts of 1862 and 1890 - Universities founded by wealthy philanthropists (i.e. University of Chicago by Rockefeller) - Founding of new colleges for women (i.e. Smith, Bryn Mawr, and Mount Holyoke) - Change in college curriculum: Charles W. Eliot (press of Harvard 1869) reduced number of required courses and introduced electives to accommodate teaching of modern languages & the sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, & geography) - John Hopkins University founded in Baltimore 1876 as first Sm institution to specialize in advanced graduate studies (emphasis on research and free inquiry) - US produced first generation of scholars to compete with intellectual achievements of Europeans - Social Sciences - Scientific method and theory of evolution to human affairs revolutionized study of human society late 1800s - Emergence of social sciences: psychology, sociology, anthropology, & political science - Richard T. Ely (John Hopkins edu) attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and used economics to study labor unions, trusts, and economic institutions to understand them and to suggest remedies for economic problems - Evolutionary theory influenced sociologists (Lester F. Ward), political scientists (Woodrow Wilson), and historians (Frederick Jackson Turner) to study dynamic process of human behavior over logical abstractions - W. E. B. Du Bois studied crime in urban neighborhoods w/ new statistical methods - First Af Am to receive doctorate from Harvard - Advocated for equality, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education - The Professions - Scientific theory and methodology influenced doctors, educators, social workers, and lawyers - Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. argued that law should evolve w/ the times - Clarence Darrow argued that criminal behavior could be caused by environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse - Changes in professions and in universities boosted progressive legislation and liberal reform in 1900s Literature and the Arts

-

-

Realism and Naturalism - Many popular novels post-civil war were romantic, ideal heroes and heroines - Regionalist writers, Bret Harte- depict life in mining camps in West, Mark Twain- The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revealed greed, violence, racism - 1890s younger generation focused on how emotions and experience shape human experience - Stephen Crane- Maggie: A Girl of the Streets brutal environment destroys lives - Red Badge of Courage- fear and human nature on Civil War battlefield - Jack London- The Call of the Wild conflict with civilization and nature - Theodore Dreiser- Sister Carrie moral sensibilities - Painting - New emphasis on realism, some catered to romantic subjects, Winslow Homerseascapes and watercolors, Thomas Eakins- surgical scenes and everyday lives, studied human anatomy - James McNeill Whistler- Arrangement in Grey and Black, study of color - Mary Cassatt- impressionism, George Bellows- life in poor neighborhoods - Abstract and nonrepresentational exhibit in Armory Show in NYC in 1913 - Architecture - 1870s Henry Richardson changed Am architecture, based on Romanesque style of massive stone walls and rounded arches - Louis Sullivan (Chicago)- reject historical styles, form of building is from function - Frank Lloyd Wright- long horizontal lines - Daniel H Burnham- had revived Greek and Roman for World’s Columbian Expo of 1893 - Frederick Law Olmsted- Central Park, grounds of US Capitol - Music - 1900- most cities have orchestra, opera house, or both - Smaller towns- outdoor bandstands - Af Ams in New Orleans- Jazz- Jelly Roll Morton and Buddy Bolden - Black composer Scott Joplin- sells sheet music - Blues music, jazz, ragtime Popular Culture - Popular Press - Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World, first newspaper to exceed a million in circulation - William Randolph Hearst- Ladies Home Journal - Amusement - Factors promoting leisure activities - Gradual reduction in working hours - Improved transportation - Promotional billboards and advertising - Decline of restrictive Puritan and Victorian values that discouraged wasting working time on play - Most popular was drinking and talking at corner saloon, theaters w/ comedies and dramas, traveling circuses Barnum and Bailey and the Ringling Brothers, The Greatest Show on Earth - Wild West show by William Cody (Buffalo Bill) - Commuter streetcar and RR companies promoted weekend recreation - Parks in countryside - Spectator Sports - Professional spectator sports originated in late 1800s

-

-

Boxing - male spectators, John L Sullivan (champion) Baseball - urban game demanding teamwork needed for industrial age - Owners organized teams and leagues - 1909: President William Howard Taft started tradition of pres throwing out first ball of season; baseball national pastime - Jim Crow Laws and Customs prevented blacks from playing on all-white bigleague BB teams 1890s-1947 - Football - primarily as college activity; Rutgers and Princeton played first game in 1869 - 1920s: professional teams and leagues organized - Basketball - invented 1891 at Springfield College MA - 1898: first professional league organized - Spectator sports played and attended to by men; “Bachelor subculture” - Took awhile for some spectator sports (boxing, football) to gain middle-class respect Amatuer Sports - Late 1800s: value of sports as healthy accepted by middle and upper classes - Women considered unfit for most competitive sports; did croquet and bicycling - Gold and Tennis among wealthy in athletic clubs - Very rich sports of polo and yachting - Discrimination in clubs against Jews, Catholics, and Af Ams

Historical Perspectives: Melting pot or cultural diversity?...