Nats test 1 NOTES PDF

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#3 Life processes - Maintain boundaries - Metabolism – making body structures - Digestion – break down & deliver nutrients - Excretion – elimination of waste - Responsiveness – to sense changes and react - Movement – motion of whole body, individual organs - Growth – increase in size and number of cells - Differentiation – process where unspecialized cells become specialized - Reproduction – production of future generation - Absorption – passage of substances through membranes - Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms - Circulation – movement of substance in body fluid - Respiration – obtaining oxygen Survival needs factors 1. Nutrients (food) – for metabolism and cell/body functions 2. Oxygen – chemical reactions 3. Water – metabolic processes, transport, regulate body temperature 4. Heat – controls metabolic rate of body 5. Pressure – important for breathing & exchange of o2/co2 Homeostasis - Life depends on it to maintain a stable internal environment - D: the body’s controlled internal environment acts to REMAIN AT STEADY STATE despite changes inside & outside the body - Cells make up body system → body system maintains homeostasis o Organ system involved ▪ Lungs, pancreas, kidneys and skin - Extracellular o Fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells) - Intracellular o Fluid contained inside cells Homeostatically - Concentration of nutrient molecules - Concentration of o2 and co2 - Concentration of waste products - Ph - Concentration of water, salt and other electrolytes - Volume and pressure - Temperature

Homeostatic 1. Sensor – provides info about stimuli o Monitors changes o Responds to change o Sends input info 2. Control o Sets range o Evaluates input signals o Determines responses o Generates output signal 3. Effector o Body structure that receives output signal o Produces a response effect Negative and positive feedback systems Negative - Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body - Reverses a change – most systems in body = negative - Ex. Body temp Positive - Increases original stimulus - Reinforces the change - Ex. Child birth Feedforward regulation - Prime the system for challenges to “to come” o Smell food – stomach churns

#4 The organ systems a. Circulatory – heart b. Digestive – stomach c. Respiratory – nose d. Urinary skeletal – kidneys e. Skeletal - bones f. Muscular – skeletal muscles g. Integumentary – skin h. Immune – bone marrow i. Nervous – brain j. Endocrine – pancreas k. Reproductive – penis, vagina Anatomical terms a. Anatomical position o Used to permit unambiguous communication about body structure and parts o Body is straight, facing forward b. Directional terms o Used to indication the relationship of one body part to another c. Body planes and sections o Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts Body cavities - The dorsal cavity o Divided into 2 parts ▪ Cranial cavity ▪ Vertebral canal - The ventral cavity o Divided into 2 parts ▪ Thoracic cavity ▪ Abdominopelvic cavity • Abdominal • Pelvic

Body membranes 1. Mucous membranes o Function: designed to secrete or absorb substances o Line tissues that open to the exterior of the body ▪ Respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary – line tubes and cavities 2. Serous membranes o Line thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs within them

o Secrete serious fluid – lubrication 3. Cutaneous membrane (skin) o Forms the protective covering of the body 4. Synovial membranes o Line the cavities of moveable joints o Secretes synovial fluid – lubrication...