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NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)IDEA OF WRITING THE NOVELThe bleak winter of 1886 – memorable in life of Rizal for (2) reasons  It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city  Brought him great joy, after enduring so much sufferings, because his first n...

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NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887)

 Fernando Canon – good friend and former classmate, Rizal

IDEA OF WRITING THE NOVEL The bleak winter of 1886 – memorable in life of Rizal for (2) reasons  It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city  Brought him great joy, after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel Noli Me Tangere came into press in March 1887  Dr. Maximo Viola - Like the legendary Santa Claus - Rizal friend from Bulacan - Arrived in Berlin at the height of his despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel - Scion of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan

told him that he did not believe that Noli me Tangere would ever be published in Berlin, broken hearted, weakened and discouraged from hunger and deprivation. VIOLA, SAVIOR OF THE NOLI •Dr. Maximo Viola - was shocked to see Rizal living in poverty - Upon seeing his talented friend's predicament, Viola decided to load him ample funds •To save printing expenses, Rizal deleted some passages including one chapter the (Elias and Salome) •February 21, 1887 - the novel was finally finished •Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaf - printing shop which charged the lowest rate (300 pesos per 2000 copies) RIZAL SUSPECTED AS A FRENCH SPY •-During the printing of the Noli, the chief police of Berlin asked Rizal for a passport but was unable to provide one •Rizal was given 4 days to comply or else he will be deported •Rizal accompanied by Viola went to the Spanish embassy but the Spanish ambassador was not able to issue a passport •The police chief informed Rizal that he had received reports of him visiting villages in rural areas, and that he came from Paris therefore arousing suspicion that he was a French spy RIZAL SUSPECTED AS A FRENCH SPY •During this time, there were strained relations between France and Germany on account of Alsace-Lorraine •Rizal explained that he was a Filipino physician and scientist particularly an ethnologist which was the reason why he visited rural areas to observe the lifestyles of simple inhabitants •Favorably fascinated by his explanation and mastery of the German language, the police chief allowed Rizal to stay freely in Germany PRINTING OF THE NOLI FINISHED •March 21, 1887 - the novel came out of the press Rizal immediately sent the first copies to: o Professor Ferdinand Blumentrit – his best friend in

 Inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin -portrays the brutalities of American slave-owners and the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate Negro slaves  Noli Me Tangere -depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants.  January 2, 1884 - The idea was proposed during the reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno Residence in Madrid - * Rizal compatriots wasn’t able to write anything and wasted their time gambling/flirting with Spanish senioritas that left Rizal determined to writes the novel alone.  It was unanimously approved by those present (The Paternos (Pedro, Maximo, Antonio), Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente, Melecio Figueroa, Valentin Ventura)  Written by Rizal ALONE WRITING OF THE NOLI •End of 1884 - Rizal began writing the Noli and finished about one-half of it in Madrid •1885 - Rizal finished one-half of the second half of the novel after completing his studies in Central University of Madrid in Berlin •GERMANY – he finished the last fourth of the novel •April to June 1886 - Rizal wrote the last few chapters in Wilhelmsfeld *Rizal fell sick and was penniless, Rizal saw no hope of the novel getting published and he almost threw/hurled his work into flames.

Germany Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor – Filipino patriot, exiled due to his complicity in Cavite Mutiny o G. Lopez Jaena o Mariano Ponce o Felix R. Hidalgo •March 29, 1887 - Rizal in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley of proofs of the novel. Carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and complimentary copy. With inscription “To my dear friend Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work” – Jose Rizal o

Penname Justo Desiderio Magalang Defense was an appendix to a pamphlet published in Singapore (07/18/1888) that blasted the arguments of Fr. Rodriguez THE DEFENDERS  VICENTE GARCIA - a Filipino theologian and priest. Writing under the penname Justo Desiderio Magalang, the priest • Noli Me Tangere came from the Latin phrase which means "Touch Me Not" countered the claim that Noli’s author was an “ignorant man” by saying that Rizal was a graduate of universities in - He admitted taking it from the bible Spain and was a recipient of scholastic honors. Garcia also • Taken from the Gospel of St. John (Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17) - The first Easter Sunday, St. Mary Magdalene visited the Holy answered Rodriguez’ claim that those who read the Noli Sepulcher, and to her Our Lord Jesus just arisen from the committed a mortal sin since he had read the novel dead. THE ATTACKERS • Rizal dedicated the Noli to the Philippines ("To My Fatherland")  VICENTE BARRANTES – the author of the newspaper MISSING CHAPTER OF THE NOLI article in Madrid, who labeled/resentfully attacked the •Entitled "Elias and Salome" which was supposedly Chapter 25 Noli as “anti-Catholic, Protestant, socialistic” in the original manuscript  (FR.) JOSE RODRIGUEZ – Rizal’s namesake, an Augustinian •It was deleted by Rizal due to financial constraints priest who even took great pains to write eight anti- Noli •The chapter talks about Salome wanting Elias to go with her pamphlets which were forcibly sold to church-goers. to Mindoro only to be rejected because Elias doesn't want  BERNARDINO NOZALEDA – Archbishop of Manila, who Salome to be entangled with the troubles of his past petitioned to ban the Noli. •However, Elias tells Salome to marry an honorable man whom she truly deserves to be happy with SYNOPSIS OF THE NOLI RIZAL'S FRIENDS PRAISE THE NOLI SYNOPSIS OF THE NOLI As expected, it was condemned by Rizal's enemies •Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue •Among the friends who praised it was Ferdinand Blumentrit •It all started at the reception of Capitan Tiago which was and Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor: a Filipino patriot who was exiled given in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra who had just returned due to his complicity in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872. afer 7 years of studies in Europe TITLE OF NOVEL AND AUTHOR'S DEDICATION “It was the first impartial and bold book on the life of the Tagalogs. The Filipinos will find it the history of the last ten years” -Rizal to Blumentritt (MARCH 21, 1887)

DEFENDERS & ATTACKERS OF NOLI THE DEFENDERS  FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT – Rizal’s Austrian friend  DR. MIGUEL MORAYTA – statesman and history professor in Central University of Madrid  FEDERICO FAURA – Rizal’s Jesuit professor, told the Noli’s author that’s everything in it was the truth,” but also foretold, “You may lose your head for it” (Malbert, 2011).          

Marcelo H. Del Pilar Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor Graciano Lopez Jaena Mariano Ponce Other Filipino Reformists Father Sanchez – defended and praised in it in public Don Segismundo Moret – former minister of the Crown Dr. Miguel Morayta – historian and statesman Prof. Blumentrit – scholar and educator Rev. Vicente Garcia - Filipino Catholic Priest scholar - Gave a brilliant defense in Noli

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•The conversation centered on Ibarra's travels abroad which gave a favorable impression on the guests except Padre Damaso, a fat Franciscan friar •After dinner, one of the guests, Lieutenant Guevara told Ibarra about the sad story of his father, Don Rafael's death who accidentally killed a Spanish tax collector after defending a helpless boy and was accused of heresy •The following morning, Ibarra visited his childhood sweetheart Maria Clara and after which he went to his father's grave on All Saint's Day •The grave-digger told Ibarra that his father's corpse had been removed by order of the parish priest but because it was a dark night, the grave-digger threw the corpse into the lake. •This angered Ibarra who took his frustrations out on Padre Salvi only to discover that the parish priest who ordered the removal of the corpse was Padre Damaso •In his town San Diego, he met Tasio the Philosopher who was nicknamed "The Lunatic" for no one could understand him because his ideas were too advanced

•Tasio was a school teacher who complained to Ibarra that the children were losing interest in their studies because of the lack of school house and the attitudes of the parish friars •The most tragic story in the novel was about Sisa who became poor after marrying a gambler. She had two sons: Basilio and Crispin who were both sextons working to support their mother •Crispin the younger brother was accused by the chief sexton of stealing money and was tortured to death while Basilio was able to escape •When both boys did not return home, Sisa searched for them but to her great sorrow, she became insane •Capitan Tiago, Maria Clara, and Aunt Isabel; after returning to San Diego were given a picnic by Ibarra, and one of the guests was a boatman named Elias •Later on, Ibarra received a telegram notifying him of the approval of his donation to the school house. Ibarra believed that this could pave the way for his country's progress •Meanwhile, San Diego celebrated its annual fiesta and while Ibarra and Maria Clara were praying, Elias whispered to Ibarra that during the laying of the cornerstone of the school house, there was a plot to kill him •Elias then suspected a yellowish man who built the derrick, was a paid stooge of one of Ibarra's enemies. When Ibarra was tasked to trench the cement of the cornerstone, the derrick collapsed •Elias, quick as a flash, pushed Ibarra aside, therefore saving his life. The yellowish man was the one crushed to death by the derrick •At the dinner later that night, the arrogant Damaso insulted the memory of Ibarra's father. Ibarra then jumped out of his seat and threatened the fat friar with a sharp knife •Ibarra would have killed Damaso had Maria Clara intervened which produced 2 results, his engagement to Maria Clara was broken and he was excommunicated •Ibarra's enemies then continued to bring him ruin by engineering a revolt by attacking the barracks of the Guardia Civil where Ibarra was wrongly blamed for the catastrophe •Elias, learning of Ibarra's arrest, burned all the papers that would incriminate him. He then helped him escape prison during the wedding of Maria Clara and another man named Linares •Ibarra would drop by Capitan Tiago's house to bid goodbye to Maria Clara and accuse her of betraying him. Maria Clara explained that she gave up Ibarra's letters to the authorities in exchange of letters from her mother

•Within those letters, Maria Clara discovered that her real father was Padre Damaso. •After bidding farewell, Ibarra and Elias rode a banca and paddled by the Pasig River where a police boat with the Guardia Civil pursued them •Elias told Ibarra to hide under the zacate while he jumped into the water thereby diverting their attention to him while allowing Ibarra to escape •The soldiers fired at Elias who was hit and sank and as they witnessed the water turning red, they had mistakenly assumed that they had killed Ibarra •Elias who was wounded, reached the forest where he met Basilio who was weeping over his mother's death. Elias, whose breath was slowly leaving him, told Basilio to burn both him and his mother's corpses •The novel contained an epilogue which recounts what happened to the other characters. The novel ends when Maria Clara stood at the convent and cursed the heavens for the fate it had handed her

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THE NOLI BASED ON THE TRUTH •Maria Clara - Leonor Rivera •Ibarra and Elias - Dr. Jose Rizal •Tasio the Philosopher - Paciano •Padre Salvi - Padre Antonio Piernavieja •Capitan Tiago - Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas •Dona Victorina - Dona Agustina Medel •Basilio and Crispin - Crisostomo Brothers of Hagonoy •Padre Damaso - a domineering friar who was arrogant, immoral, and anti-Filipino

NOLI ME TANGERE Symbols and characters

Symbols found in the cover of Noli Me Tangere and its meaning:

Cross: Sufferings Pomelo Blossoms and Laurel Leaves: Honor and Fidelity Silhouete of a Filipina: Maria Clara Burning Torch: Rage and Passion Sunflowers: Enlightenment especially the youth Bamboo stalks that were cut down but grew back: Resilience A man in a cassock with hairy feet: Priests using religion in a dirty way Chains: Slavery Whip: Cruelty Helmet of Guardia Civil: Arrogance of those in authority MAJOR CHARACTERS:  Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin • commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisóstomo • son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, • he studied in Europe for seven years  María Clara de los Santos y Alba • commonly referred to as María Clara, is Ibarra's fiancée. • She was raised by Capitán Tiago  Don Santiago de los Santos • known by his nickname Tiago and political title Capitán Tiago • He is also the known father of María Clara.  Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña • commonly known as Doña Victorina • She met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña  Dámaso Verdolagas • Known also as Padre Dámaso • He is best known as a notorious character • He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Rafael Ibarra.  Pilosopo Tasyo • In the story, he is seeking for reforms from the government • he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet Sisa • is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín Crispín • Sisa's 7-year-old son • An altar boy he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. Basilio • Sisa's 10-year-old son • An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus • At the end of the novel, Elías wished Basilio to bury him by burning RED NOTES:

 Crisostomo Ibarra (Jose Rizal) - A young and rich Filipino who studied in Europe for 7 years  Don Rafael Ibarra - Father of Crisostomo (friend of Capitan Tiago) who was thrown in prison for accidentally killing a Spanish Tax collector  Kapitan Tiago (Kapitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas) - Father of Maria Clara  Maria Clara (Leonor Rivera) - Fiancé of Crisostomo  Padre Damaso (a domineering friar who was arrogant) - Fat Franciscan friar and parish priest of San Diego for 20 years - The biological father of Maria Clara - The one whose responsible in the removal of Ibarra’s father’s corpse in the cemetery  Elias (Jose Rizal) - A boatman and friend of Ibarra - Ibarra saved him from a crocodile - He saved Ibarra to be crushed to death by a derrick by the yellowish man  Padre Sybila - A young dominican parish priest of Binondo  Señor Guevara - Kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil - The one who told Ibarra about his father’s death  Don Tiburcio de Espadaña - Bogus Spanish physician/ quack doctor  Doña Victorina (Dona Agustina Medel) - Wife of Don Tiburcio - A native who wants to be Spanish/superior castellan  Padre Salvi (Padre Antonio Piernavieja) - Franciscan parish priest of San Diego  TASIO THE PHILOSOPHER - Paciano - Wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his times - Called as “Tasio the Lunatic”  Sisa - Formerly rich girl who married a gambler - Mother of Crispin and Basilio  Crispin (Crisostomo Brothers) - A sacristan accused of stealing money of the priest and tortured in the covent – where he died  Basilio (of Hagonoy) - The eldest son of sisa  Aunt Isabel - Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of Maria Clara  Doña Consolacion

- Mistress of the Spanish alferez  Balat - Grandfather of Elias who’s a dreaded tulisan  Salome - Elias’ lover  Pia Alba - Maria Clara’s biological mother

Noli Me Tangere

El Filibusterismo

 Crisostomo Ibarra – a wealthy young man, cultured, and wellrespected who represents the small group of Filipinos who had a chance to study abroad and dreamt of improving the country.  Padre Damaso – an arrogant and pedantic priest, corresponds to wicked but ironically respected priests. He represents the dirty works of the church during Rizal’s time.  Maria Clara – a well-regarded woman which represents the powerless Filipina and ideal Filipina.  Capitan Tiago –who opted to be allies of Spanish officials and friars just to preserve their wealth and political position; also represented the other wealthy and political person as what he was.  Pilosopo Tasio – an old man who used to study philosophy rich Filipinos, who symbolizes those whose ideas were advanced that other people could not understand him.  Elias – a mysterious friend of Ibarra, represents those who want reforms through revolution  Sisa, Cripin, and Basilio – They represent a usual Filipino family.  Dona Victorina – an ambitious Filipina who wanted to be classified as Spanish; she also represents other Filipina the same as what she was.  Padre Salvi – a kind but wicked Spanish friar, who represents the clergy who disguise the yearning of flesh, the authority of the church to get what they want.

 Simoun – He is Crisostomo Ibarra who came back to the Philippines and wanted revenge. He represents the revolutionary Filipinos who wanted to have freedom and fight for their rights.  Kabesang Tales- He is the image of the native farmers whose land was stolen by the Dominican friars. He symbolizes the unjust or injustice here in our country.  Juli – She is like Maria Clara who symbolizes the purity and innocence of the women during Rizal’s time.  Isagani- He is the symbol of the youth whose love for the country is the great point of being branded as idealistic.  Elias – He is the personification of Andres Bonifacio, a common Filipino who isn’t aware of injustice but wanted to free themselves from their oppressors.  Basilio – He is the son of Sisa who pursues to be educated. He represents the educated Filipino youth who were pathetic to the needs of society.  Senior Pasta- He represents the part of the country that is only sympathetic to be rich and powerful.  Ben Zayb- He is a writer who isn’t true with his words, and used to write with false information regarding an event or news.  He is an image of a hypocritical people in the society....