Notebook Activity 3 C272 PDF

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Module 1 Notebook Activity 3...

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Notebook Activity 3 1. Teacher-Centered Philosophies: Essentialism, Positivism, Behaviorism  

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Essentialism. A philosophy of education based on the assumption that students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world. the philosophy of essentialism is based on the assumption that students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world. Essentialist teachers are often called “traditional” teachers, as they teach that there is a set structure and form for all things in existence. Learning subject matter is the goal of education; reading, writing and mathematics form the main focus of an essentialist orientation. An essentialist teacher would have pupils mastering skills, moving from simple to more complex skills and knowledge. The virtues essentialist teachers teach include respect for others; respect for authority, loyalty, hard work, and becoming a model citizen. The major champion of essentialism was William Chandler Bagley Essentialism includes a core of information that all educated people should know, hard work and mental discipline, teacher centered instruction, it draws from idealism and realism, and it focuses mainly on developing basic skills, not seeking truths. Behaviorism includes BF Skinner as the father of behaviorism. Behavior is determined by environment, not heredity. Behavior is a response to external stimuli. And behaviorism is related to realism and linked to the environment. Behaviorism in the classroom. Behaviorists believe the teacher influences student behavior by controlling stimuli. Knowledge is observable and a reward system is often utilized. Positivism includes focus on observable, measurable information, rejects beliefs about mind, spirit, and consciousness. Reality is explained by the laws of matter and motion. And knowledge is based on sense perceptions and objective reality. Positivism in the classroom. Positivists believe in direct instruction with clear structured directions and expectations for students. And students are assessed using the same objective criteria.

2. Student-Centered Philosophies: Progressivism, Humanism, Constructivism 

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Progressivism is an orientation of philosophy of education based on the assumption that all learning is active, that learning is intellectual, social, and emotional, and that curriculum should begin with the child’s interests and experiences. Progressivism elevates shared interests and shared interactions between pupils in the classroom. Each person’s voice is important and one of the hallmarks of a progressive classroom is the emphasis on communication skills. There is a strong emphasis on critical thinking and problem solving within each lesson. William Chandler Bagley’s commitment to essentialism stood in stark opposition to the progressive philosophy of education. Progressivism includes ideas verified through experiment. Learners initiate the questions. Human experience is the basis for knowledge, not authority figures. Scientific methods of teaching and learning are utilized. And the emphasis is on how to think, not what to think. Progressivism in the classroom. Progressivists believe that schools must improve society and model democracy, that freedom is expressed through the student teacher collaboration and that textbooks are tools, not holders of indisputable knowledge. Humanism includes education should enhance innate goodness, the student should be at the forefront of all school decisions, education should develop free self-actualizing people, education should start with the individual self. Humanism in the classroom. Humanists believe the curriculum is found in the environment, not in the subject matter....