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1/23/19 ● Jazz a four letter word? ○ Associated with the red light district in New Orleans ○ Perfume… to add was called “jassing it up” ○ Jazz was associated with bordellos and sex itself ○ Could be associated with the French word “jaser” this originated from the French Creoles who lived in the Mississippi Delta considered to be the birthplace of Jazz ○ Jazz was pioneered by African Americans and has evolved into a uniquely American art form ● Defining Jazz ○ Jazz is a direct result of a cultural melting pot ■ West African influences on European derived music ○ Emerged in the first decades of the 1900s as an unpolished folk music ○ Reflected a diverse influence of style ■ Blues, marching band, polka, field hollers, work songs, religious, ragtime, West African music ○ Jazz is rhythmically vibrant and complex 1/25/19 ● Rhythm and more ○ Melody ○ Harmony ○ Spontaneous improvisation ○ Dissonance ○ Consonance ○ Dynamics ● Today ○ “Jazz isn’t a noun. It’s a verb. It’s a process a way of being, a way of thinking.”Pat Metheny ● Jazz… way of playing and interpreting ○ Jelly Roll Morton 1890-1941 ■ Ragtime/jazz pianist proclaimed to have invented jazz ■ Proven to be bogus ● Jazz is the byproduct of the collective spirit of many musicians, thus a way of playing and interpreting ● Swing and Improvisation ○ Swing rhythm and improvised solos are important elements of classic jazz they are not absolute requirements for the music to be considered jazz, modern jazz may feature rock/funk rhythms

○ Much of the contemporary jazz post 1970 does not swing and features elements of rock and pop ○ Billy Joel featured jazz saxophonist Phil Woods on an improvised solo on Billy’s pop hit “Just the Way You Are” ○ Jazz is truly American eclectic art form that embraces musical styles from around the world ● Blues ○ Blues in itself is an individualistic and spontaneous form of self expression ○ Significant contribution by Black American musicians ○ Jazz still uses blues style formats and grew out of the blues, ragtime, and other styles ● Summary ○ Jazz developed in America at the dawn of the 20th century ○ Is a melting pot of American, European, and African music ○ Evolved from classic jazz that was strictly swing to today’s jazz that includes influences from Latin, rock and pop music from around the world ○ Jazz is a way of thinking 1/28/19- Chap. 2 ● Jazz began as folk music and has evolved into a more complex music that reflects American society ● The “ingredients” or elements of jazz are the same as other forms of music ○ Rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, and form ● Rhythm ○ Varying lengths of sound and silence all in relation to a steady pulse ○ Some notes in a melody last longer than other ■ Example: “Happy Birthday” pg. 12 ○ Meter defines # of beats in a measure ■ Way to organize a rhythm ○ Tempo expresses how fast the music moves or pace of the music ○ Some songs that can be very slow or without regular beats in the music can be described as rubato ○ Most early jazz such as ragtime piano was in 2/4 or 4/4 ○ Blues was in 4/4 with a 12 measure repeated form ○ Composer pianist Dave Brubeck began to experiment with odd time signatures such as 5/4 ○ Brubeck’s saxophonist, Paul Desmond wrote the hit “Take Five” ○ Symphony orchestras and large bands have conductors to control the pace and flow of the music

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○ Jazz rhythm sections are comprised of drums, bass, piano and guitar ○ The rhythm section sets the tempo and the rest of the ensemble must strive to rhythmically coexist within this tempo ○ Everyone in a jazz band is responsible for keeping time ○ Aside from improvisation, unique rhythm features have established jazz as a truly original style Swing rhythm ○ Difficult to define ○ Forward momentum ○ Uneven pace accent on 2 and 4 ○ Triplet subdivision of the beat ○ Listening: Duke Ellington’s “TAKE THE A TRAIN” this band set the standard for swing rhythm Melody ○ Result of an organization of single notes moving by varying distances ○ A complete musical idea is called a phrase ○ Phrase can refer to a harmonic or melodic or rhythmic statements ○ Viewed as horizontal ○ Listening: Count Basie Band “Every Tub” 2;02-2;17 example of a repeated melodic phrase played by the saxophones with brass accompaniment ○ A strong melody is easy to recognize and remember ■ Beethoven’s Symphony Number 5 ○ A melody is usually written in particular key that provides a musical homebase Blues Melodies ○ Based on an alteration of the traditional scale ■ Logical progression of ascending and descending notes ○ Major scale is altered to form the blues scale ○ Major influence on jazz and jazz melodies Harmony ○ A collection of two or more notes played together and, in support of a melody ○ Viewed as vertical ○ Chords and chord progressions are a way to view harmony ○ Harmony (chords) are typically used to accompany a melody ○ Listening: “Moon Dreams” ○ Listen for the slow moving, changing but lush harmonies ○ Tonic ■ Most jazz tunes feature a chord progression that has a “home key” or tonic

○ Songs may stay in the tonic or move to other keys then return to the tonic key 2/1/19 ● Texture ○ Music is like a fabric where melodies and harmony intertwine ○ Monophonic ■ Single melody unaccompanied ○ Homophonic ■ Melody supported by chords ○ Polyphonic ■ Two or more equally important melodies (counterpoint) ● Form ○ Describes the overall architecture in music ○ Most jazz songs have more than one clearly defined section (AABA) ○ Pop songs may use Verse Chorus Verse Chorus Bridge Verse Chorus or ABABCAB ○ Maple Leaf Rag ■ AABBACCDD ● Based on complex rondo form 2/4/19 ● Improvisation ○ Creating music on the spur of the moment ○ Spontaneous composition ○ Frequent use of forms as a springboard ○ Listening Ko Ko by Charlie Parker ● Listening to Jazz ○ To appreciate this music the listener must be actively involved ○ Jazz is an art form where much is left to the personal interpretation of the performer, arranger, and listener ○ We will explore an overview of the techniques and elements used in jazz that directly correlate to personal style ● Instruments ○ Brass ■ Cornet, trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, tuba, and french horn ○ Woodwind ■ Flute, clarinet, saxophone ○ Percussion ■ Drum set, latin percussion, vibes, marimba ○ String ■ Bass, guitar, banjo, violin

○ Keyboard ■ Piano, electric piano/Fender Rhodes, synthesizer, organ 2/6/19 ● Instrumental techniques ○ Articulation refers to the way a note is attacked ○ Unlike “classical” musicians, jazz musicians are less bound by preconceived conventions, so interpretive characteristics can vary drastically from player to player ○ Jazz musicians will vary the articulation, phrasing and accents thus creating a more personal style or sound 2/8/19 ● Instrumental techniques ○ Jazz musicians also use special effects such as bends, scoops, glissandos, shakes, and falls to establish a more personal identity on their instrument ● The Jazz Rhythm Section ○ Drum set, piano, bass, guitar ○ The rhythm section works as a team, they concentrate on the arrangement, band, and support the soloist ○ The rhythm section provides the basic foundation for the music, thus setting the groove ● Orchestration and Instrumentation ○ Orchestration refers to which instruments are used to play the music (written form) ○ Provides originality to a composition ○ Instrumentation may vary throughout a piece of music for contrast and variety ○ Listening: Summertime arranged by Gil Evans ● Understanding Improvisation ○ Jazz soloists create spontaneous, new melodies ○ Must adhere to certain guidelines in relation to harmony and form ○ Solo form is usually referred to as a “chorus” ○ Each improvised solo should build as the musical story unfolds and the solo choruses follow each other ● Class small group arrangement ○ Introduction - 4, 8, or 16 bars long ○ Tune or song from (AABA, ABA, 12 bar blues) ○ Improvised solos based on song form ○ Optional interlude used to link the solos or newly composed material known as a shout chorus ○ Return to main tune

○ Ending - sometimes referred to as the Coda 2/11/19 ● The Roots of Jazz ○ Black vocal styles such as work songs and blues had a far reaching impact on jazz ○ The blues originated as folk music with solo singers and songwriters who often improvised melody and lyrics ○ The poetry of a blues lyric often tells a story of lost love, persecution, or any of life’s other tribulations ● Robert Johnson ○ (1911-1038) ○ Pioneer of rich tradition of blues ○ Lived in relative obscurity ○ His work has been recognized worldwide as in an influence on jazz and rock n roll, and BrB ○ Listening: Walkin Blues by Robert Johnson and performed by Eric Clapton ○ Featured as a U.S. postage stamp in 1994 ● Ragtime ○ Scripted piano solo ○ Ragtime and blues emerged concurrently in U.S. ○ Popular from from 1895-1915 ○ Both black and white musicians championed this innovative piano style ○ William Krell was the first to publish a ragtime composition in 1897 entitled “Mississippi Rag” ● Scott Joplin ○ (1868-1917) ○ Responsible for advancing the style ○ What clearly differentiates a rag from the blues is the formal structure, Joplin was a pioneer from this form ○ The formal scheme and harmonic style for rags are clearly derived from European models such as the rondo form ○ Rondo - AABBACCDD 2/13/19 ● Brass bands ○ New Orleans ○ The tradition of brass bands in New Orleans, Louisiana dates to the late 19th and early 20th centuries ○ Traditionally, New Orleans brass bands could feature various instrumentations, often including trumpets, trombones, saxophones, sousaphones, and percussion

○ The music played by these groups was often a fusion between European style military band music and African folk music ○ A well known use of these band is for the New Orleans jazz funeral ○ Dirty Dozen Brass Band ■ Down by the Riverside ● Jazz funeral ○ Typical jazz funeral begins with a march by the family, friends, and a brass band from the home, funeral home or church to the cemetery ○ Throughout the march to the cemetery, the band plays somber dirges and hymns ○ A change in the tenor of the ceremony takes place, after either the deceased is buried, or the hearse leaves the procession and members of the procession say their final goodbye and they “cut the body loose” ○ After this the music becomes more upbeat, often starting with a hymn or spiritual number played in a swinging fashion, then going into popular hot tunes, there is raucous music and cathartic dancing where onlookers join to celebrate the life of the deceased ○ Those who follow the band just to enjoy the music are called the second line, and their style of dancing, in which they walk and sometimes twirl a parasol or handkerchief in the air, is called second lining ● Jazz takes root ○ By 1917 a new American style of music (Jazz) had taken root ○ Factors in the 1920s served as a catalyst for the development of jazz ○ Rebellious period ○ Questioning of Victorian values ○ Women began to frequent late night establishments ■ Previously deemed inappropriate ○ Close embraces on the dance floor ○ Entertainment in speakeasies, dance halls, and cabarets ○ Immigrants and second generation freed slaves moved to major American cities 2/15/19 ● The 1920s ○ Entertainment industry fostered the development of jazz (music publishers, instrument manufacturers, booking agents, record companies, promoters) ○ Development of radio ○ Prohibition act ■ Forbidding public sale of alcohol ● Private clubs and cabarets somehow survived ○ Underground mob activities started supporting jazz in cities such as Chicago, Kansas City, and New York

○ Storyville district in NOLA supported jazz because music was needed in the legal brothels and saloons… it was shut down in 1917 by the departments of the Army and Navy ● Buddy Bolden ○ 1877-1931 ○ Trumpet/cornet player ○ Born in NOLA ○ One of the first jazz musicians to lead ○ He never recorded ○ The band’s rep. consisted of polka, ragtime, and blues ■ Morphed that into jazz ○ 1907 ■ NOLA blues trumpet pioneer Buddy was committed to the state mental hospital at Angola on june 5. Buddy spent the rest of his life there ○ Influenced Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, and others ○ Listening “Buddy’s Blues” performed by Wynton Marsalis ● Freddie Keppard ○ 1889-1933 ○ Was an early jazz cornetist ○ Keppard’s band became the one which toured the Vaudeville circuit, giving other parts of the USA a first taste of the music that was not yet known as jazz ○ Keppard did record and he made all his known recordings in Chicago from 1924 to 1927 ○ Listening to Keppard playing “Here Comes the Hot Tamale Man” 2/18/19 ● Dixieland Instrumentation ○ While instrumentation and size of bands can be very flexible, the standard band consists of a front  line of trumpet or cornet, trombone, and clarinet, with a rhythm  section of at least two of the following instruments: guitar or banjo, string bass or tuba, piano, and drums ● Original Dixieland Jazz Band ○ The group composed and made the first recordings of many jazz standards, the most famous being “Tiger Rag” ■ Listening ● Original dixieland jazz band “odjb” Tiger Rag ○ The ODJB were frequently billed as the creators of jazz because they were the first band to record jazz commercially and to have hit recordings in the new genre

○ Band leader and trumpeter Nick LaRocca argued the ODJB deserved recognition as the first band to record jazz commercially and the first band to establish jazz as a musical idiom or genre ■ Listening ● ODJB One Step pg. 87 ● Joe King Oliver ○ December 19, 1885- April 10, 1938 ○ Jazz cornet player and bandleader ■ Particularly noted for his playing style, pioneering the use of mutes ○ Also a composer ■ Wrote many tunes still played regularly including Dippermouth Blues, Sweet Like This, Canal Street Blues, and Doctor Jazz ■ Mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong ● Two of Armstrong’s most famous recordings, West End Blues and Weather Bird, were Oliver’s compositions ● His influence was such that Armstrong claimed, “if it had not been for Joe Oliver, jazz would not be what it is today ○ Listening ■ Dippermouth Blues ● Ferdinand Jelly Roll MOrton ○ 1890-1941 ○ American ragtime and early jazz pianist, bandleader and composer ○ At age 14, he began working as a piano player in a brothel ○ Listening ■ Black Bottom Stomp played by his Red Hot Peppers ■ pg 92 ■ Listen for just piano at 1:33 2/20/19 ● Louis Armstrong ○ 1901-1971 ○ Came into prominence in 1920s as an innovative cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence on jazz, shifting the music’s focus from collective improvisation to solo performers ○ With his distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes ○ Also greatly skilled at scat singing, or vocalizing using syllables instead of actual lyrics

○ Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and deep, instantly recognizable voice almost as much as for his trumpet player, Armstrong’s influence extended well beyond jazz, by the end of his career in the 60s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general ○ Listening ■ Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five ● West End Blues 2/22/19 ● Sidney Bechet ○ 1897-1959 ○ Was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist and composer ○ Born in NOLA to wealthy creole family ○ Became best remembered as the first great master of the soprano saxophone ○ Played with Louis Armstrong ○ Forceful delivery, well constructed improvisations, and a distinctive, wide vibrato characterized Bechet’s playing ○ Listening ■ Sidney Bechet- Petite Fleur (the Olympia Concert Paris, December 8, 1954) ● James P Johnson ○ 1891-1955 ○ American pianist and composer ○ One of the originators of the stride style of jazz piano playing ○ Piano style later was to become a model for early Count Basie, Duke Ellington, Art Tatum, and Thelonious Monk. His influence continues to this day in the work of Cyrus Chestnut and Harry Connick Jr ○ Listening ■ Carolina Shout form is AABCCDED 16 bars of each section EXAM #1 ● Listening ● Be able to identify all of your musical instruments: brass, woodwind, percussion, string, keyboard ● Songs ○ Maple Leaf Rag- Scott Joplin ○ Dippermouth Blues- Joe “King” Oliver ○ Black Bottom Stomp- Jelly Roll Morton ○ West End Blues- Louis Armstrong ○ Carolina Shout- James P Johnson ○ One Step- ODJB

● Reading ○ Pages 1-103 ● Key Terms/Definitions ○ There are many theories regarding the origin of the word jazz. However, the exact origin of the word is still unclear. Jazz was associated with the red light district in New Orleans. ○ Jazz is a music that developed in America at the dawn of the 20th century it is a direct reflection of our society as a melting pot including it influences from West Africa, Europe, and American popular styles. ○ Storyville ■ Red light district in NOLA ○ Congo Square ■ An area just outside of the French quarter where slaves were allowed to gather and play their music on Sundays. Today Congo Square has been renamed it is now Louis Armstrong Park. ○ Monophonic ■ A single unaccompanied melodic line ○ Homophonic ■ One predominate melodic line accompanied by harmony ○ Polyphonic ■ Two or more independent melodic line ○ Blues ■ 12 bar form that keeps repeating ○ Chord progression ■ Succession of chords and a song ○ Tonic ■ Word used to describe a “home” key in a piece of music ○ Chorus ■ A complete cycle through the form of a song ○ Meter ■ Number of pulses/beats in each measure ○ Tempo ■ The pace of the music or speed of the music ○ Form ■ Overall architecture of music ○ Jam session ■ An informal gathering of musicians playing for themselves in trying out new material. A fake book is frequently used at jam sessions ○ Rhythm section

■ Part of the jazz group that sets the tempo, and is the foundation of swing ○ Swing ■ Most important rhythmic phenomenon indigenous to jazz. Swing usually emphasizes the beats 2 and 4 which are usually played on the drummers hi hat. ● Key Figures ○ Robert Johnson ■ Blues guitarist. Vocalist key figure in the development of blues ○ Scott Joplin ■ Ragtime pianist, responsible for advancing the style of Ragtime, made use of the Rondo form ○ Buddy Bolden ■ cornet/ trumpet player one of the first musicians to lead a jazz band. Unfortunately he never recorded ○ Joe King Oliver ■ cornet/trumpet player he was the mentor and teacher of Louis Armstrong ○ Jelly Roll Morton ■ Pianist, bandleader and composer, he was one of the first to write down jazz. He was the self proclaimed inventor of jazz ○ Louis Armstrong ■ Came into prominence in the 1920s as an innovative cornet and trumpet player, he was a foundational influence on jazz ○ Sidney Bechet ■ Clarinetist and soprano saxophonist. One of the few musicians that could keep up with Louis Armstrong as a soloist ○ James P Johnson ■ Pianist and composer his style of jazz piano playing was an influence on modern day pianists such as Harry Connick Jr...