Notes - Chapter 1 The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Forensic Science Chapter PDF

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Chapter 1 The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Forensic Science
Chapter 3 Investigations, The Investigative Process, and The Crime Scene
Chapter 5 Interviewing and Interrogation
Chapter 6 Field Notes and Reporting
Chapter 7 The Follow Up Investigation and Investigative...

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Chapter 1 The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Forensic Science  What is an investigator?  Someone who gathers, documents, and evaluates evidence and information  What is the fundamental purpose of criminal investigation and forensic science?  To discover the truth  What are the four objectives to the investigative process?  Establish that a crime was actually committed  Identify and apprehend the suspect  Recover the stolen property  Assist in the prosecution of those person charged with the crime  Where do we as law enforcement officers get our authority, how is that authority limited?  The constitution, court decisions, federal and state laws, department policies, and jurisdiction  What do we mean by jurisdiction?  Can be thought of as both geographical area and the laws which we are responsible to enforce  Where did the roots of criminal investigation begin?  Eighteen century England during a time of social, political, and economical change  Who is Sir Robert Peel?  Considered to be the first police reformer  In 1829, due to the efforts of Robert peel, England parliament passed the metropolitan police act, which created a metropolitan police for  Nine Principles of Policing  What is forensic science?  Impact of the agricultural and industrial revolutions  American initiatives  Philadelphia passed an ordinance in 1833 which created Americas first daylight police force  Pinkertons National Detective Agency Was formed by Allan Pinkerton  Rogue Galleries?

Developed by the New York Police Department in 1857, Photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and heights  Mulberry Street Morning Parade?  In 1935 the F.B.I established the National Academy, what was its purpose?  What is the National Crime Information Center?  What does the due process revolution refer to?  A period from 1961 to 1966 in which the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases that involved the rights of criminal suspects and defendants  What did the due process revolution and the Supreme Court decisions really change?  Questionable and improper police procedures and tactics were greatly reduced  Who is Edmond Locard?  A Frenchman who established the first forensic laboratory in Lyon in 1910  All crime scenes are searched on the basis of Locard’s principle, what is that principle?  Asserts that when a suspect comes in contact with the scene  What are biometrics and its goal?  Anthropology  Dactylography  Deoxyribonucleic Acid  Firearms identification  Who is Professor Balthazard?

Chapter 3 Investigations, The Investigative Process, and The Crime Scene  How are the contributions of physical evidence diminished?  Not correctly containing it and allowing it to be contaminated  What is a Crime?  Commission of any act that is prohibited, or the omission of any act that is required by the penal code of an organized stated  How are criminal acts distinguished  Felonies and misdemeanors  What is the most important skill an investigator possesses?

 Being able to affectively talk to people  Why is this important?  Because most of what we learn is from people  What are some of the essential qualities an investigator needs to posses?  Refer to page 38  Once a crime has been committed what are the three potential outcomes?  What do we mean by preliminary investigation?  It is the actions taken by the first officer to arrive at the scene  What do we mean by secondary investigation?  The effort extended after the initial offense report is completed  Receipt of information, initial responses, officer safety  Refer to pages #40 through #48  What are the four types of crime scenes?  Primary  Secondary  Macroscopic  Microscopic  What is a crime scene?  Location of the offense  Organization of a crime scene investigation  Refer to page #49  Types of Evidence  Corpus Delicti  The evidence substantiates the evidence of a crime  Associated Evidence  Tracing Evidence  Its goal is to identify and locate the suspect  What are the five fundamentals rules for a crime scene investigator?  Maintain Control  Conceptualize events  Proceed with caution  Apply inclusiveness  Maintain documentation  What are the four major considerations, which dominate a crime scene search?  Boundary Determination  Choice of search pattern  Instruction of personal

 Coordination  What presenting evidence to the court an investigation must be able to what?  Identify each I tem of evidence they collected  Describe the location and condition of evidence when collected  State who all had contact the evidence  State when, and during what times periods the evidence was handled  Explain why the evidence was handled  Describe any changed to the evidence  What is a crime scene sketch?  A basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the location of various pieces of evidence  What is forensic Mapping?  What are the most common sketching views used when drawing a crime scene sketch?  Birds-eye view  Elevation view  Cross projection view  Refer to page #71  What does “cleared by exception” or “cleared by arrest,” mean when dealing with a criminal case?  Refer to page #78

Chapter 5 Interviewing and Interrogation  Why conduct interviews in criminal cases?  Gathering information from who have, or may have knowledge needed in the investigation  Goal?  To elicit information from a witness which they perceived through one of five senses  Goal of interrogation?  To match info to a particular suspect in order to secure a confession  What are the four recognized objective of the interrogation process?  To obtain valuable facts  To eliminate the innocent  Identify the guilty  Obtain a confession  Remember that when you are conducting an interview or interrogation not everyone is willing to share info with you, why do you think this occurs?

 Individuals have motives or perceptions that can influence their responses  Similarities and Differences between Interview and Interrogation  Qualifications  Must be easy to talk to  Must be able to convey empathy, sympathy, anger, dear, and joy all at the appropriate times, but must always remain objective  Open minded and receptive of all the information received regardless of its nature  Must always maintain control of the interrogation without being overbearing  Must be a good listener, serious, patient, and most importantly persistent and persuasive  What is the most common interview conducted by investigators?  On scene interviews  Officers/investigators should respond to a scene should seek out individuals who may have knowledge of the event and who’s information may contribute to the investigation  What is the most critical factor to consider during and interview/interrogation?  Privacy  Because some information you receive during your interview may be deceitful or incorrect, it is important that you obtain supporting information or supporting evidence to prove the truth of the information given  Should we as investigators run criminal history checks on a witness, victims, and suspects?  Eyewitness Identification  Many factors influence an individuals ability to accurately identify and recognize persons, and all of them depend on the circumstances under which they were perceived  Documenting Interrogations  Note Taking  Video Recording  Statements  What is the purpose of documentation?  To retain the information  To secure a written statement or confession  What are the benefits to this type of documentation?  Creates a permanent record of what actually occurred  Prevents disputes about the investigators conduct, suspect, and the voluntariness of statements made

 Additional Benefits  A later interview of the recording can allow you as an investigators to observe inconsistencies  Rights Waivers, Confessions, Custody, Miranda, and Body Language

Chapter 6 Field Notes and Reporting  What are field notes?  They are shorthand written record made by a police officer from the time they arrive on scene until the assignment is completed  What is the purpose of field notes?  They are notes that provide a short written record of events, times, and place  What are the benefits of taking field notes?  It can reduce the need to re-contact both victims and witnesses regarding info that was overlooked or questions that were not asked during the initial contact  Field notes can refresh your memory  Six main guidelines for note taking?  Listen attentively, do not interrupt the person speaking  Intervene if the speaker is losing focus  Review all of your notes with the person providing the info  Allow time for the person to consider the info  Six basic investigative questions  Who, what, where, when, how, and why  Incident Reports  157-164  Writing effective reports  Fill in all of the blacks  Write the report in first person  Avoid unnecessary and technical or legal jargon  Write short sentences  Use short paragraphs  Support conclusion with details  Don’t repeat facts  Check spelling  Edit what you write

Chapter 7 The Follow Up Investigation and Investigative Resources

 Solvability factors, what are they?  They are elements of info that have been demonstrated to correlate with higher probabilities of investigative success  Examples of solvability factors?  Is the suspect named  Can the suspect be identified  Is there a detailed description of the suspect  Is here significant physical evidence  Are additional suspects named, identified, or described in detail  Is there a vehicle involved, license plate or description  Where there weapons used or displayed  To what extent was the victim harmed  Are there witnesses  The follow up investigation process  Refer to pages 173-177  What does surveillance mean?  The continued observation of people, places, and things to obtain information of investigative significance  Two types?  Physical - Personally done by one or two members of a surveillance team  Technical – Involves the use of various advanced technology  Purpose is surveillance?  Establish the existence of a crime  Obtain probable cause for a search warrant  Apprehend suspects as they commit crimes  Identify criminal association  Fusion Centers  Fusion -turning info and intelligence into actionable knowledge, it is the fundamental process by which homeland security  Page 193  Intelligence Unit  Intelligence- raw pieces of info that when collect, evaluated, and analyzed form meaningful and useful judgment’s that are bot timely and accurate  Four types of intelligence categories  Indicative – New and emerging criminal developments  Tactical – Actionable and often results in arrest  Strategic – Gathered and analyzed over time and usually confirms newly discovered pattern of criminal activity  Evidential – Factual, precise info that can be presented in court

 Intelligence/analytical Six Step Cycle  Planning and direction  Collection  Processing  Analysis and production  Dissemination  Reevaluation

Chapter 8 The Crime Laboratory Nov 15th Jail Tour  What is a crimes laboratory?  It is a scientific organization with a dedicated mission of aiding the process of criminal justice  How does the crime lab aid us?  BY answering or helping to answer the vital question  Forensic science and criminalistics  Criminalistics deals with the study of physical evidence related to a crime  There are more than 400 crime laboratories in the United States  American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors  Why are crime labs underutilized?  Lack of knowledge as to how the lab can assist the investigator  Lack of knowledge regarding evidence preservations practices  Failure to collect physical evidence  Overrepresentation of lab capabilities  Inconvenience to the investigators as it applies to the effectiveness of the lab themselves  Rigorous and Mandatory Certification Programs  Accreditation  How do we measure the effectiveness of a crime lab?  Quality  Proximity  Timeliness  Problems with Crime Labs  Lack of training  Lack of accreditation  DNA Contamination

 Sentencing mistakes or poor training  Backlog of cases

Chapter 10 Sex-Related Offenses Texas Penal Code Chapter 22  Types and Sequence of Sexual Acts During the Assault  Common themes of rapist conversation  Threats  Orders  Confidence Lines  Personal Inquiries of the victim  Personal revelations by the rapist  Obscene names and racial epithets  Inquires about the victim  Missing items (Pg.273)  Evidentiary items  Valuables  Personal  Record of Injuries (Pg.285)

Chapter 12 Human Trafficking  Protection Act of 2000  Act is the first comprehensive federal legislation to combat human trafficking and to assist tracking victims  Human trafficking has occurred if a person was induced to preform labor or any commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion. Any person under the age of 18 who performs a commercial sex act is considered a victim.  Human Trafficking Reporting System  Refer to page #342  There are key differences between the crimes of smuggling and trafficking and that difference lies in the individuals freedom of choice  Peonage  Occurs when a person is compelled by force, threat of force, or abuse

 US Department of State estimates that 14,500 to 17,500 persons are trafficked into the US each year  At least 12.3 million persons are victims of forced labor  Average age is 20  Approximately 50,000 children are trafficked into the US each year, primarily from Latin American Countries, countries of the former Soviet Union, and Southeast Asian  Approximately 100,000 to 300,000 children are exploited annually by the sex industry within the US alone  Indicators of the presence of trafficked women and venues  Interview Considerations  Refer to page #350

Chapter 13 Robbery  Robbery consist of:  Taking  Carrying away  Personal property  Three styles of robbery:  Ambush  Selective raid  Planned operation

Chapter 14 Burglary  In addition to the frequency and economic impact, why is the crime of burglary of major importance?  Secondary Crimes  What are some of the problems faced by alarm systems?  Improper installation, faulty equipment, user error  Burglary Facts  Premise types  Residential 72.6%  Non-Residential 27.4%  Attack Types  Forcible Entry 61%  Unlawful Entry 32.6%  Forcible Attempt 6.5%

 Smash and Grab  This type of burglary has gained popularity over the last 20 years  Professional Burglars  Amateur Burglars  Approaching the Scene  Approach  Observation  Coordination  Example of School  Investigative Considerations  Exercise caution to avoid accidental destruction  Look for point of entry and exit  Important thing is officer safety  Review Burglary Investigative Checklist on page #384  Burglary Tools  Knives, screwdrivers, crowbars, tire irons, pipe wrenches, chisels, sledgehammers, saws, bolt cutters, axe, and class cutters.  Time Factor  An important aspect of taking burglary reports is to determine when the offense occurred, that information can be correlated with other data to create investigative leads, as well as include or exclude potential suspects

Chapter 22 The Trial Process and The Investigator as a Witness  The Trial Process  Jury Selection  Is the beginning of the courtroom process and is often referred to as an art as opposed to a science  The jury panel from which the jurors in the trial are eventually picked is called what?  Venire  Challenge for cause  Ex. Language Barrier  Preemptory Challenge  Each attorney has a specific  The Trial

 Begins with opening statements by the prosecutors and the defense attorney  What is direct examination?  The questioning of witnesses by the prosecutor that the prosecution calls to testify on their behalf  What is cross-examination?  When the same witness is questioned by the defense attorney  What is redirect examination?  If on cross-examination the DA manages to confuse a point raised on direct examination the prosecutor has the opportunity to conduct a redirect examination, and likewise the DA has the opportunity to re-cross examination if needed  What is a rebuttal?  After the defense rests its cases the prosecution has the chance to rebuttal  Rules of Evidence  Evidence defined:  Anything that tends logically to prove or disprove a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy  First Rule of evidence  Anything is admissible as evidence unless there is some rule that prohibits its admissibility  Proof  Combination of all the facts, all the evidence, in determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime  Testimony  Admissibility  Is referred to as the essence of the rule of evidence  Burden of Proof  Burden of Proof Going Forward  Placed by the defense  Types of Evidence  Direct Evidence  Is the testimony of a witness hat ties the defendant directly to the commission of the crime  Real Evidence  Physical evidence  Demonstrative Evidence  Consists of maps, diagrams, sketches, photos, ect.  Circumstantial Evidence  The Hearsay Rule  Testimony is court tat repeats what others were heard to say means testifying to a second version of what actually happened  Confessions  Is an acknowledgement by a person accused of a crime that he/she is guilty of the crime

To constitute a confession, the admission of guilt must incorporate all elements of the crime and exclude any reasonable doubt of innocence  Spontaneous and Excited Utterances  Human nature is such that speaking the truth is an instinctive reaction 

 Witnesses  What is a subpoena?  It is a written order commanding the person named to appear in court a specific date and time to testify, under oath.  Investigator as a witness  The success and failure of a criminal investigation is often measured in terms of the effectiveness and quality of an officers presentation of evidence to the court and the jury  Credibility

Terrorism  International Terrorism  Purpose of Terrorism  Are intended to intimidate a civilian population  Terrorism defined  Unlawful use of force or violent against or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or an segment thereof in furtherance of social or political objectives  Homegrown terrorism  Those plot to carry out attacks at home and in the united states, and those who provide material support to foreign terrorist organizations via financial, intellectual,  Majority are American citizens, some may also be immigrants to this country  Terrorism recruiters have interest in American citizens  Ability to travel  Knowledge of English language  Domestic Terrorism Defined  Right Wing Terrorist  Left Wing Terrorist  Investigation of Terrorist Activities  Reference: Pg. 617

 Response to Terrorist Crime Scenes  Reference: Pg. 623 ...