Notes of introduction to the ancient philosophy PDF

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Who was Aristotle?
Great Greek philosopher and the most illustrious systematizer of ancient knowledge, was formed in the Academy of Plato, founder of the "Liceo". It made more than 50 works and fragments well-known.
What kind of life did he have?
He had a life full of travel, becau...

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NOTES OF INTRODUCTION TO THE ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Cite three different definitions of philosophy. -Rational study of human thought from the double point of view of knowledge and action. -Tension that never ends, in an unfinished search of true knowledge of reality, ' knowing rational totalizing, second-degree critic '-philosophy is the notion, construction and reflection of Reality (academy). Establish among the team members a concept of philosophy that reflects what they understood about this term. Philosophy is the science that studies knowledge, what we know; For example the philosophy of art, leads us to clarify the knowledge of the subject, from where they are born this knowledge, to which is due the art and all this type of unknowns. Philosophy also aims to answer existentialist doubts about man as a reason for life or why his behavior in interaction with others. Where does philosophy originate? His formal study, i.e. methodological, was promoted in Greece, approximately in the 7TH century BC. Why are you born? This is a product, that a select group of the population, had slaves to serve him, so they had enough free time and nothing to occupy it. So leisure arises contemplation, the fact of observing carefully the phenomena, provokes the excitement of the curiosity for it, the Greeks began to question. That curiosity provoked that they began to philosophize, that is to say to find explanations with regard to something. Find three different definitions of what a PHILOSOPHER is. The one who creates philosophy; The one who studies it. Professes or knows. 2. Virtuous or austere man who lives retired and flees distractions and attendances; The one who acts with philosophy.

of Lat. Philosophus, and this one, of the Gr.Philosophos; ofPhilos, Lover andSophos, Wise. Lover of Wisdom. What is a philosopher trying to answer? The objective of the philosophy is, therefore, to know, to know, to answer the questions that we all ask ourselves related to the nature and its creation, abandoning the myths to give prominence to the logos. Get two biographies from each of the following three philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle.

Socrates (470-c. 399 BC), Greek philosopher, considered the founder of moral philosophy or axiology, who has had great weight in the later history of Western philosophy for his influence on Plato. Born in Athens, son of Sofronisco, a sculptor, and Fenareta, a midwife, received a traditional education in literature, music and gymnastics. He later became acquainted with the rhetoric and dialectics of the sophists, the speculations of the ionic philosophers and the general culture of Athens in Pericles. At first he continued the work of his father, and even made a sculptural ensemble of the Three Graces that remained at the entrance of the Athenian Acropolis until the 2nd century BC. During the Peloponnese war against Sparta, he served as an infantryman with great value in the Battles of Potidea (432-430 BC), Delio (424 BC) and Amphipolis (422 BC). He believed in the superiority of the discussion of Scripture and, by virtue of this conviction, spent most of his life in the markets and public squares of Athens, initiating dialogues and discussions with anyone who would listen to him, and whom he used to answer By asking questions. It created thus a method called Mayéutica (or Art of "illuminating" the spirits) by which it managed that its interlocutors discovered the truth from themselves. According to the testimonies of his time, he was ungraceful and of little stature, which did not prevent him from acting with great boldness and self-control. He greatly appreciated life and achieved great popularity in Athenian society for his lively intelligence and a keen sense of humour, but devoid of satire or cynicism. Married to Xanthippe, a woman of known bad temper, she had three children. Among the most important philosophers of the Greek world we find Socrates, Plato's master. He belonged to a family of some purchasing power as he participated in the battles of Potidea, Delio and Amphipolis as hoplite, bearing the important costs of the team's cost. Athens will be the place where Socrates

spend his whole life, interested in the education of young people and abandoning politics. His two actions in the Athenian politics provoked a grave danger for the philosopher, getting saved by the conflict that the city lived. The same was not the case when the Democrats accused him of ungodliness and of perverting the youth, being punished to drink the hemlock that would produce death to him. By coherence with his esteem of justice and his own conscience, Socrates gave up fleeing and getting rid of the sentence. Socrates did not leave any written and what we know of his work is due to third parties, especially Plato but also Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle. He is considered the founder of anthropological philosophy, starting from the maxim "thyself yourself". Being conscious of one's own ignorance, thanks to its inductive method through dialogues, it will try to reach a universal truth that is admitted by all. In this way the human being will be able to reach the virtue through his acts. Virtue allows for happiness. The "daimónion" or inner voice becomes the only moral guide. Greek philosopher, considered the founder of moral philosophy or Axióloga. Born in Athens, son of Sofronisco, a sculptor, and of Fenareta, a midwife. He received a traditional education in literature, music and gymnastics. He believed in superiority in the discussion about scripture. He spent most of his life initiating dialogues and discussions. He created a method called Mayéutica, so he managed to get his speakers to find the truth from themselves. He was obedient to the laws of Athens, but he avoided politics. He believed he had received a call to exercise philosophy, and that he could serve better to your country. The foundations of his teachings were the belief of an objective understanding of justice, love and virtue. Although he was a patriot and a man of deep convictions, Socrates suffered the distrust of some contemporaries. Who was it? One of the most important philosophers of the Greek world, the Master of Plato. He is considered the creator of philosophy.

What kind of life did he have? His life was developed in Athens, Greece. He mentions some aspects of his life that have struck you. He abandoned politics for worrying about the education of young people. And his contribution of creating philosophy. What philosophical method did you practice? Socrates ' contribution to philosophy has been a marked ethical tone. The basis of his teachings was belief in an objective understanding of the concepts of justice, love and Virtue and self-knowledge. He believed that every vice is the result of ignorance and that no person desires evil; In turn, virtue is knowledge and those who know good will act in a fair way. His logic emphasized rational discussion and the search for general definitions, as reflected in the writings of his young disciple, Plato, and those of his pupil, Aristotle. Through the works of both, Socratic theories impacted decisively in the course of later Western speculative thinking. Another thinker and friend of Socrates was Antisthenes, the founder of the cynical School of philosophy. He was also the master of Aristipo, who founded the Cyrenaica philosophy of experience and pleasure, from which arose the highest philosophy of Epicurus. For both the Stoics and the Greek philosopher Epictetus, as well as the Roman philosopher Seneca the Elder and the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Socrates represented the personification and the guide for achieving a higher life. What was the way his work was embodied? Socrates did not leave any written and what we know of his work is due to third parties, especially Plato but also Xenophon, Aristophanes and Aristotle. He is considered the founder of anthropological philosophy, starting from the maxim "thyself yourself". Being conscious of one's own ignorance, thanks to its inductive method through dialogues, it will try to reach a universal truth that is admitted by all. Mentions 5 contributions to philosophy. It was the belief in an objective understanding of the concepts of justice, virtue and knowledge. He believed that every vice is the result of ignorance and that no one wants evil.

His logic emphasized rational discussion. He influenced the course of speculative thought. He avoided politics, getting him to call God's warning. It mentions three famous phrases of Socrates. "I only know that I know nothing." "Speak so that I may know you." "Philosophy is the search for truth as a measure of what man should do and as a rule for his conduct." 8.-Personal opinion. Socrates, he was a very educated person, and I take great advantage of his potential and his virtues, trying to help others. Thanks to him, there is philosophy, because he never thought for himself, he thought to help others.

Plato

Athens 428 BC-Athens 348 BC Two cities dispute the birth of one of the most important philosophers of the West: Plato. Athens and Aegina are considered the place where this man, called possibly Aristocles, came to the world as his grandfather. Plato would be a nickname that would refer to his wide back. There is no doubt that he was part of an aristocratic family in which he received a complete educational, artistic and sporting education. He began in philosophy with Cratylus and at the age of twenty he met Socrates, a turning point in Plato's life. From that moment on he decided to devote himself to the study together with Socrates, staying at his side until his death in the year 399 BC due to the accusation of impiety and corruption of minors. The death of the master motivated the transfer of Plato and some companions to Megaa from where he began a series of trips to Egypt, Cyrene, the Magna Grecia and Sicily where he had a close contact with Dionisio the old, tyrant of Syracuse, trying to Put their political approaches into practice. In Syracuse he found a faithful disciple, Dion, but the result of his experience was not positive as Dionysus decided to send Plato to Aegina where he was sold as a slave. Towards the year 387 he returned to Athens

where he founded the academy, dedicating himself to teaching for twenty years. It will be in 367 when Dionysus the young succeeds his predecessor as tyrant of Syracuse which encourages the philosopher to return to the island to implement his political approaches. Rejected their proposals, once again Plato was to flee from Syracuse although now with the promise that it would be called again. The third voyage had worse consequences since not mediating Arquitas of Taranto, Plato would have lost his life. Resigned he returned to Athens where he devoted himself fully to teaching and research. Platonic philosophy is based on the existence of the world of Ideas and the world of being, in the face of the world of appearances. The formation of the world is due to an intelligence, to a demiurge, that develops the appearances (not to be) taking the ideas as a starting point. The individual is formed of body and soul, being immortal. There are a limited number of souls so reincarnation is necessary. This Union of soul and body is accidental and violent. These approaches are collected in his main works as "The Banquet", "The Republic", "Timeo" or "Phaedo", structured in the form of dialogues where the protagonist is Socrates speaking with his disciples. He was born in Athens probably in the year 427 BC belonged to a noble family and were illustrious both the ascendants of his parents and those of his mother received the intellectual physical education of the young people of his time; You may have followed the lessons of Heraclitean Cratylus. In the year 407 came the capital event of Plato's life: his encounter with Socrates. The master had then 63 and the pupil 20. Plato had to follow the lessons of Socrates for eight years. Shortly after the fall of the thirty, three whistleblowers accuse Socrates of corrupting the youth and of not believing in the gods of the city; Condemned to death, refuses to evade and drinks the hemlock in 399. Plato was not present in the last moments of his master, recounted in the Phaedo; But this scandalous injustice must have been for him the prototype of the Wicked act against whose repetition every philosopher should fight. Since he was at risk of being disturbed by his status as a student of Socrates, Plato took refuge immediately with pupils, friends, in Mégara; There a famous school accomodated them in it they entered in relation with Euclides the Megálico. It is not known for sure what was the duration of his being in Athens but presumably reached three years. Hence Plato left for Africa; It stopped in Egypt, then in Cyrenaica, where it frequented with Aristipo of Cyrene and the mathematician Teodoro. In this place the biographers of Plato give different versions of the order of their journeys. For some it would have returned directly to Athens; For others it would have been directed to southern Italy in order to know the Pythagoreans and in particular Arquitas of Taranto. It is probable that in this period of the life of Plato the composition of the following works is located: Hippias minor, Alsibíades, apology, Euthyphro, Crito, Hippias Major, Charmides, Laques, Lysis, Protagoras, Gorgias and Meno.

Around the year 388 it leaves Italy (or Athens according to other tradition) to go to Sicily. There, in Syracuse, Reigns a Greek of modest origin, Dionisio I the Elder, who has in check the Carthaginians and has become the absolute master of Sicily. Your letter is lavish; The vices that reign in it, numerous; But Dionisio is famous. Plato intimate with Dion, political brother of Dionisio, who has pretentions of philosopher and admires the Socratic. What really happened? Did Plato castigated the dissolute custom of the court? Did Dionysus distrust the presence of this Athenian friend of his brother-in-law? We don't know exactly; But, however, Dionysus forces Plato to embark on a Spartan ship. This craft--pushed by the Tempest or because of Dionysus's plan?--must scale on the island of Aegina, at the season at war with Athens, Plato is sold as a slave. Fortunately, Aníceris, whom he had treated in Cyrene, recognizes him, pays the ransom and releases him. Plato can return to Athens in the year 387. The philosopher buys a gymnasium and a park located in the north-west of the city and covers in that place a school, the academy. It is the first school of Philosophy organized as a university, with its statute, regulations, accommodation for students, conference room, museum, library, etc. From all corners of Greece and the Mediterranean world students are attending to follow Plato's courses. At this time, no doubt, writes the Phaedo, the banquet, the Fredo, the Ion, the Menexeno, the Euthydemus, the Cratylus and begins the Republic. By the year 367 died Dionisio I the old man, and his firstborn son, Dionysus II the young man, ascends to the throne; He is 30 years old and has no more experience in public business. Dion immediately calls Plato to see the prospects offered for political reforms by applying the ideas that are expensive. The philosopher goes and leaves Eudoxio the direction of the academy. Dionisio welcomes him very well and seems to show himself a docile pupil; However, soon Dionysus sees in Dion and in the guest. He delands Dion and soon after Plato, whom he had retained some time in conditions of prisoner. The monarch promises, however, to call one and the other soon. Returned to Athens Plato remains in it six years, and probably composes the Parmenides, the Theaetetus, the Sophist, the politician and the Filevo. In 361, Dionisio again invited Plato. The philosopher returns with some disciples, leaves Heraclides of Pontus the direction of the academy. Perhaps Plato would defend the cause of Dion before Dionysus. This, far from calling his kinsman, confiscated his property, forced his wife to marry the governor of Syracuse and forced Plato to remain in the residence he had assigned him. Thanks to Arquitas's intervention, he was released and was able to return to Athens. As for Dion, he ends up recruiting an army and embarks with some friends of Plato to take Syracuse by surprise. Success accompanies him and establishes

a dictatorship that lasts three years, until finally he is killed by his friend, the Platonic lipo. The philosopher remained in Athens and had to die there around 347 B.C. In this final period of his life he continued to head the academy and wrote the Timeo, the Critias and the laws, which were unfinished.          

Called possibly Aristocles, like his grandfather He received a complete educational, artistic and sporting education He decided to devote himself to the study together with Socrates, staying at his side until his death in the year 399 BC. He started a series of trips to Egypt, Cyrene, the Magna Grecia and Sicilia. His experience was not positive as Dionysus sent Plato to Aegina where he was sold as a slave. Towards the year 387 he returned to Athens where he founded the academy Platonic philosophy is based on the existence of the world of Ideas and the world of being, in the face of the world of appearances The individual is formed of body and soul, being immortal. There are a limited number of souls so reincarnation is necessary. This Union of soul and body is accidental and violent. Main works: "The Banquet", "The Republic", "Timeo" or "Phaedo" The philosopher remained in Athens and had to die there around 347 B.C.

Who was it? Plato (c. 428-c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher, one of the most original and influential thinkers in the history of Western philosophy. Plato's figure is indispensable for understanding the history of Western thought. The objective of philosophy, as well as the very essence of the philosopher in the Platonic system. What constitutes unity in all these forms, which in some way needs them, is the desire to determine the position of the philosopher in the city and his moral and social mission. The philosopher was defined in his relationship and his differences with the speaker, the Sophist and the politician. What kind of life did he have? As a young man, Plato had political ambitions but became disillusioned with the rulers of Athens. Later he was a disciple of Socrates, accepted his philosophy and dialectical form of debate: obtaining truth through questions, answers and more questions. Socrates will become his only master until his death.

Point out some aspects of your personal life that have caught your eye. Called Aristocles, Plato (nickname that received by the meaning of this term in Greek, ' the one of wide backs ') Plato witnessed the death of Socrates during the Athenian democratic regime. Aristotle was his most outstanding pupil. What philosophical method did you practice? Dialectics understood as a rational method: it identifies itself with philosophy and science. The center of Plato's philosophy is his theory of forms or ideas. In the end, their idea of knowledge, their ethical theory, their psychology, their concept of the state and their conception of art must be understood from that perspective. How his work was reflected: Plato's writings adopted the form of dialogues, through which philosophical ideas were exposed, discussed, and criticized in the context of a conversation or debate involving two or more interlocutors. Plato's first group of writings includes 35 dialogues and 13 letters. The authenticity of some dialogues and most of the letters has been questioned.

Aristotle Stagira 384 BC-CALCIS 322 BC Among the most prominent philosophers of the West is Aristotle, the son of Nicomachus, physician of the Macedonian king Amintas II. At the age of 18 he moved to Athens to continue his training, entering Plato's academy where he remained for about 20 years until the death of the master. At that time he decided to leave Athens to live in a platonic community organized in Asso from where he left for Mitelene. In this city he received the call of Philip of Macedonia to educate his son, Alexander. Once the great Alexander acceded to the Macedonian throne, A...