Notes SSCI 201, Principles of Geodesign PDF

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Notes SSCI 201, Principles of Geodesign
Instructor: Leilei Duan, Ph.D.
Term Day Time: Spring 2021 Spring
Incomplete
Units: 4
Geodesign is a relatively new and emerging interdisciplinary field that draws key concepts and ideas from the fields of architecture, planning an...

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Notes 01/25

What is GeoDesign? Michael Flaxman: Design and Planning proposal  opening discussion about impact on geography Data about the actual location  analysis Connections (e.g. climate change  melting  housing in danger  carbon released  fastens climate change)  impact in surrounding neighbors Involving people (stakeholders and designer)  feedback loop Motivation of MF: Environmental degradation Future scenarios Not linear UpToDate technological involvement (e.g. GIS) Too much data for analysis  data mining Representation: How can I represent the data on the maps? How can I make the map functional and correlating with your audience? In what ways can I make the map publicly available? Work platforms: GIS, CAD  creating, using dataset  impact simulation  proposal  evaluation  changes (GeoDesign Process-Flow) vs Rapid Geodesign

Bill Miller Geo + Design: Space of the earth + thought and creating process = Thoght process in geographic space Science-, value-, integral, based design  proposal backed up with data abductive thinking: use experience and knowledge to figure out future scenarios Collaboration Managing complex problems

Carl Steinitz Framework of GeoDesign Making Collaboration

Scale theory of GeoDesign: Neighborhood < city < local No GeoDeign project is global: not no feeble solution, cannot follow

realistic, through

Key parts: Purpose: Ethical, good, progressive (e.g. coexisting with spices, homelessness) Scale: No single house No global Data: Spatial Data must be utilized Analysis: Informs alternatives Collaboration: Experts (with diverse background depending on the project & Stakeholder (ppl impacted by project) Design: Software running spatial analysis, showing impact and results Broad results, Massive scale, no detailed data, real time feedback GIS, Geo-planner Iterative: Alternatives, evaluation, consensus (negative, positive) Assessment:

After consensus  how the process will perform

01/27 Everything is linked with everything Agent based modelling  considering the individuals: who is your audience? what is the region  the bigger the project the more complex

Natural World Earth System:  Atmosphere: envelope of gases surrounding planets: layers with different functions functions: Air, blocks UV, protects from ‘space junk’, greenhouse effect > constant temperature, weather pattern, shape surface development: CO2, N2, H2O >> O2, N2, H2O (today)  Hydrosphere: Water on Earth, cycle process function: evolution of life, circulates heat, carbon sink (storage)(climate change cycle, habitat of species water cycle: condensation (vapor to liquid), precipitation (rain), transpiration (to earth), percolation (from earth to lake), evaporation development: outcast from volcano activates/eruption >> not supportive of life (acidic)  Geosphere: in the earth functions: matters, Vulcanic activates (asthenosphere), earth surface (terrains) development: eruptions >> rocks >> weathered, pushed in the ocean >> pressed down >> melted again >> eruption  Biosphere: living organism food chain: working as a cycle as well e.g. mara river Human-Environment Interaction: Systems effected Trade off e.g.LA Aldo Leopold Ecologist, Forester Environmental/Land Ethics, ecological conscience Connenction Rachel Carson Aquatic/Marine biology, Conservation spurred a reversal in national pesticide policy, which led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides. It also inspired a grassroots environmental movement that led to the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

George Perkins 1801-1882 recognizing the irreversible impact of man's actions on the earth, a precursor to the sustainability concept,[1] although "conservationist" would be more accurate His 1864 book Man and Nature had a great impact in many parts of the world.

02/01

What is the importance of GeoDesign? Human Civilization Earliest Humans (homo sapiens):  Hunter-gatherers, Nomads, Survival  vulnerable to resource, climate change  From Africa Modern Humans:  20.000 yrsa climate change  needles  better clothes  better predator  16000 yrsa warming up  agriculture  more reliable food supply  more food than needed  trade  Cities/Civilization  rocketed population Agriculture is a way of humanity’s interaction with nature Adapting agriculture adapting to terrain: e.g. (Lepcsos vetes) Vertical garden Green roofs local fresh vegetables, community building, green space

Urbanization Development of cities Nomad  Agriculture  semi permanent villages (depleted soil)  permanent villages  sedentary life  surplus of food  trade, division of labor  developments, inventions  more job opportunity  more people come cities(TED TALK) Emergance of Cities:  Growing population, social surplus  Social hierarchy, formal institution  Defense system (wall, rivers, hills)  Monumental architecture  Managing of resource

Same altitude  same climate

Preindustrial Cities pre-industrialization rural settlements (LOOK UP SLIDE) Industrial Cities Urban Problems (population growth) Change of structure, infrastructure (e.g. road for cars)

Key urban Movement The setback principle: allow sunlight and fresh air to reach streets helps lower the building's center of mass, making it more stable. step-like recession maximization building height increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by building materials such as clay, stone, or brick steel frame structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks. walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories. This height is also called base height Setback can be explained as the minimum open space required around any building or structure. ... Setbacks are required at the front, rear and sides of buildings and the specifications vary from one area to another City Beautiful movement 1890s, 1920s beautifying the city is beneficial implementation of wild green places interaction of social classes enhance the city’s appearance but also help the flow of vehicle and pedestrian traffic, the City Beautiful concept focused on incorporating a civic centre, parks, and grand boulevards physical city without addressing social and economic issues would not substantively improve urban life Garden City: 1 central city with satellite cities with different purposes: more green spaces not in use no flexibility with

Newtowns: new city layout, expand roads  more space for housing promoting urban spra

The transects: zoning condition of a city form based codes

New Urbanism: promote walkability especially in the center of the city 03/02

Urban Form Video:  Proximity, Scales (SLIDE)  Connectivity: Public Transit, Not enough if its close it has to be connected as well, e. g. LA cut half by highway  Land Uses: Bring more business to that area: e. g. Train station + mall; USC village: community hub  land use: housing + shopping  Density: vertical, horizontal (e.g. how many consumer)  Landscape design: backyard vs. ball court  green space with or without access  pattern changes  road width, cement to red brick effect speeding (subconscious), crosswalk art  alert drivers, store front  Landmark, sign, symbol  people remember your city Urban form gives shape to places:  Mobility: one way street dilemma (smaller traffic but longer time on road)  Structure  Density  Configuration  Multi-scalar  Topography Fusing form and function:  

Urban Form: planned or naturally born (EU vs US), Design Choices Ecological Function: o Filtration o (LOOK UP SLIDE)

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Human Services:

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o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need: basic  psychological  self-fulfillment o if needs not met ppl leave The Natural Context: o Natural environment shapes urban form: o Land relief (LOOK UP SLIDE)

Local Assessment LA form, function? Example: Park 101: downtown LA is segregated by high way (Park 101)  homelessness How to create connectivity? Cover up top of highway  green space for recreation In class activity Jane Jacobs: community based urban planning Ebenezer Howard: Green space to connect community and city (Garden city) Andres Duany: new urbanism Ian McHarg: ecological and environmental city planning (Design with Nature)

Mapping Modernization and Prosperity Economic Development World Trade Human well being History of money: agricultural growth  surplus  trading object w/ object  trading tools  too heavy  miniature tools  too sharp  coin (China)  (minted coin (Turkey)  )  too heavy  coin to paper (China 700BC, Marco Polo 1271 AD)  digital currency (credit cards)  cryptocurrency (bitcoin) agricultural growth  surplus animals and crops job specialization  trade 1st Long distance trade: agriculture aesthetic value increased wheel  easier and longer international  trade routes between continent:  Silk road Ted talk Incense route Amber road Tea horse road Trans-Sahara road Trading religion, habits, culture, goods Crossed several continents

Each countries share in total GDP through out time

GDP per person shot up after I industrial revolution: Machines as tools: make clothes, mining, railroads II industrial revolution: Age of science and mass production Both started in England: coal, easier to transfer invention after first into second III industrial revolution: digital revolution, nuclear energy, rise of electronics, biotechnology

Modernization and Globalization 2 waves:  19th-WWI  WWII -present Trade: goods, services Trade changed world economy: efficiency gains, distributional consequence Trade organization

EU: European Coal and Steel Community  Eropean Economic Community (6 memebers) political (shared polices, diplomatic missions like UN) and economic union: free movement of goods, services, common polices on trade, agriculture, fishing, regional development Schengen Area: no passports Monetary Union: urozone  19 countries use euro Get benefits by joining Climate change effects on Economy

Asserted Globalization and City Regions E.g. Coffee beans come from equatorial area Cars: each part came from different factories and different countries  daily products are not local Globalization: increasing connected and interdependence of world cultures and economies Early: Antient trade roads connected different continents, Cristopher Columbus: 4 routs to US to EU, Age of discoveries  natural process happened constantly

Benefits:  Economy: industrial revolution: more goods, invention, knowledge to trade boosted world economy, economic freedom to trade Western economy: firms to specialize, increase the intensity of research, development, innovation, capital output, new companies competing with old companies, increased employment, household income, living standards (computers, phones, sewing machine), lower cost of consumption, new technologies: greener and more productive economy, equalizing gender wage, increased working conditions and quality of management (multinational firms  mixed perspective, evaluation)

[02/17]  Public Health: International organization: WHO, Doctors w/out borders Information and technology share Benefit from trade Increased household income  better healthcare Disaster react E.g. Ebola: no geospatial maps, not enough data, time and manpower national geospatial intelligence went to help: leadership, adaptation, innovation Covid 19: fatalities and cases (1st tier impact) vs indirect consequences with long term impact (2nd tier impact)

 Culture: Sports, music, media, movies, language, food

 Other: refugees: war, climate refugees: irreversible climate change\

Challenges  Economy: Job mobility Western dominance Increase inequality Hidden rules Society segregation  Public Health Disease transmission  Culture Cultural identity Megacities: traffic 

Other

Globalization vs Regionalization regional businesses: small regional scale business cycle  benefits economy  global factor declined E.g. Paris Agreement: example for global collaboration benefit  rules for climate change, holding each other accountable Global Commonwealth vs National interest Sharing technology with developing nations

Future Globalization tele migration technological advancement

Understanding Imminent Threats and Challenges E.g. Deforestation Sea level rise  costal community design War Species protection Security  environmental, human

Human Security Previous: physical safety, territory protection, external threats, global threats, nuclear holocaust Shifted: individual security  threat of disease, hunger, unemployment, crime, social conflicts, political repression, environmental hazards Overlap with Geodesign: People-centered, comprehensive, context-specific, prevention-oriented

National level: Rich countries: crime, diseases, international degradation, LOOK UP SLIDE Poor countries: survival, basic needs, diseases, hunger

Sustainability Pillars of security: Freedom from want, hazards impacts, fear: reducing social vulnerability Look up slide Types of security: economic: unemployment rates of countries, food: Maslow pyramid, health: rich vs poor: communicable vs noncommunicable diseases (and injuries), environmental, personal, community: safe as a community (sexual orientation, race, religion), political security: freedom of press 02/22 Environmental security Environmental threats: multilevel: global and local concerns:  water, resource scarcity: o not evenly distributed o drinking water and wetlands are disappearing o agriculture consumes lots of water o health problem (bacteria goes into drinking water) o Worse in poor countries  gathering water instead of education o Hunger (habitat endangered)  Deforestation o accelerating desertification, soil erosion o carbonic sink decreased (worsened climate change, increased GHG, water in atmosphere) o indirect: job loss o loss of habitat o prescribed drugs came from plants o cause: agriculture, illegal logging: conventional vs sustainable farming 

Pollution

Ocean litter: slow degradation, traveling w/ currents (e.g. pesticides, plastic), effecting nearby fresh water, land and nutrition cycle (ecosystem) o Air pollution: fuels, acid rain & smog o Noise & Light pollution: disturbs habitat and effects life expectancy of animals (birds, sea turtles hatching) Climate change: o Extreme cycle changes even before human o direct: e.g.: global temperature rise, warming oceans, shrinking ice sheets, glacier retreat o indirect: e.g.: property damages, migration, shift in demographic status (age group, race/ethnicity, income status, family/material status, education level), multiple system not prepared Soil Salinization: o land degradation Loss Biodiversity: o ecosystem  web of life o health and livelihood  prescription drugs, nutrition, infectious diseases o

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What is NOT Geodesign? Urban planning, landscape architecture, spatial science? Components (recap): planning/ design proposal complex problems but not global  scale impact analysis (spatial analysis) rapid assessment supported by technology (spatial data) public involvement and feedback loop Urban planning: housing, economic, transportation, environmental, historic preservation scope: community & neighborhood, city, regional (not focus of suburban or rural) public or privet: government, firms Process: preparation (research background), feasibility and master planning, formal planning w/ team and heavy details, design, operation Landscape: actions and interaction of environment and humans natural and cultural focus ideal purpose of a land w/ environmental protection (prioritization) Process: research and analyze, site inventory LOOK UP SlDE 02/24 Look up slides (scholars, and life and death of great American cities) 03/01

Maps and Map overlay General reference map: basic information of an area’s location (Where you are?)  boundaries, roads, terrain  emphasis on location  same level of data importance (no hierarchy)  e.g.: topographic maps: terrain; street maps: roads, addresses, network; atlas maps: information inventory Thematic maps: distribution, petters of the area with a theme, topic  topic information about e.g.: people, organism, land\

  

e.g.: crop production data on the map w/ specific purpose types e.g.: o choropleth: aggregated information (general level)

o

dot: 1 dot/1 person (individual level)

o

bubble maps: hot spots, aggregated result, lower data get lost

o

flow maps: virus spread, travel patterns

o

Cartogram: emphasizing realistic data, boundaries

o o o

large  1:1000000000 medium  1:100000 small  1:10000

Map scales

GIS and Cartography Visualization, real-time interaction Analysis and cartography (design) Vertical layering: GIS adapted idea

Ecological Layer Cake (by Ian Mcharg)...