NSS Mastering Biology Suggested Answer Book 1A (eng) PDF

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Biology book 1A...

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Book 1A p.1/26

Suggested answers to Exercise and Reading to learn (Note: The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in this publication. Answers for HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due to copyright restrictions.)

Ch 1 Introducing biology Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 1-15) 1 C 2 D 4 B 5 A

3

B

Short questions (p. 1-15) 6

7

8

Organisms can obtain food by nutrition;

0.5m

break down food to get energy by respiration; move;

1m 0.5m

grow; sense the environment and respond to it (irritability); reproduce; remove waste from their bodies by excretion.

0.5m 1m 0.5m 1m

a b

Asking a question Proposing a hypothesis

1m 1m

c

Making a prediction

1m

d e

Doing experiments Drawing a conclusion

1m 1m

f

Revising

1m

Some foods (e.g. cheese and yoghurt) are made with the help of microorganisms. Vaccines give us protection against certain diseases.

1m 1m

(or other correct answers) 9

Pollution / diseases / genetically modified food / cloning (any 2 or other correct answers)

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1m x 2

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Book 1A p.2/26

Reading to learn (p. 1-16) 1

Microbes were found in nutrient solutions.

2m

2

Microbes fell into the solutions from the dust particles in the air.

2m

3

Experiment 1 was the control set-up while Experiment 2 was the experimental set-up. 1m The control set-up was aimed at ensuring that the result of the experiment was due only to the presence of microbes. 1m

4

Scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change. OR Science is affected by the technology and equipment available at the time.

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2m 2m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Book 1A p.3/26

Ch 2 The cell as the basic unit of life Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 2-30) 1

B

2

C

3

D

4

B

5 9

C B

6 10

A D

7 11

D C

8 12

B A

13

D

Short questions (p. 2-32) 14 (a) Irregular (b) cell wall

0.5m 0.5m

(c) regular (d) cell wall

0.5m 0.5m

(e) Absent

0.5m

(f) photosynthesis (g) centre

0.5m 0.5m

(h) centre of the cell

0.5m

15 a b

A — nucleus

1m

B — cell membrane / plasma membrane Any one from:

1m 1m

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis Absorbs light energy to make sugar / starch / carbohydrate / organic material / food c

Any two rows from: Plant cell

Animal cell

- Has vacuole OR has cell sap

- No / small vacuole OR no cell sap

- Has cell wall / cellulose

- No cell wall / cellulose OR only membrane

- Stores starch OR does not store glycogen

- Does not store starch OR stores glycogen 1m x 2

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

16 a

Book 1A p.4/26

i Part of cell X

Name Nucleus

Function Contains genetic information / genetic material / DNA / chromosomes OR Gives instructions to the cells / controls cell processes / activities

Y

Cell wall

Maintains cell shape / supports cell / stops cell bursting

Z

Cell membrane

Controls entry and / or exit of molecules / substances 2m

ii

Plant cells A and B have a cell wall / part Y, cell C / the animal cell does not. 1m Cells A and B have a (large central) vacuole, cell C / the animal cell does not.

b 17 a b c d

1m 1m

Glucose / oxygen / sugar Cheek cells and onion epidermal cells Cheek cells, onion epidermal cells and red blood cells None of them Onion epidermal cells and xylem cells

(2m for all correct answers in each part or no marks) 18 a

b

Remove small bits from the organism and observe under the microscope.

1m

Observe whether the cells had cell walls or not. It was likely to be a plant if the cells had cell walls. 1m i Remove small bits from different parts of the organism and observe under the microscope. 1m ii

See whether the cells are different in size and shape, and group together.

1m

Organ level of organization — different tissues group together to form an organ to carry out particular functions.

1m

System level of organization — several organs and tissues work together to form a system that carries out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way. 1m

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Book 1A p.5/26

19 a

b

20 a

i ii

Eyepiece lens magnification

Objective lens magnification

Total magnification

7X

10X

70X

7X

20X

140X

7X

40X

280X

0.1 mm Plant cells are larger than animal cells.

0.5m x 2 1m 1m

DNA is present in prokaryotic cells and lying free in the cytoplasm. 1m DNA in eukaryotic cells is enclosed within the nucleus instead of lying free in the cytoplasm. 1m Mitochondria are absent in prokaryotic cells. The cell wall in prokaryotic cells does not contain cellulose. The rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells is used for synthesizing

protein. 1m b Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are bounded by a cell membrane. Their genetic material exists in the form of DNA.

1m 1m

1m 1m

Structured questions (p. 2-33) 21 a

i ii

Substance B

1m

It contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen only.

1m

Fats and oils — act as an energy reserve Phospholipids — make up cell membranes

1m 1m

b

Protein

1m

c

It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur which are the composition of proteins. Nucleic acid

1m 1m

Inside the nucleus (for DNA and RNA) and the cytoplasm (for RNA) of a eukaryotic cell or the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.

1m

22 a

A — cell membrane C — nucleus E — vacuole

B — cytoplasm D — chloroplast

b

Cell wall It supports and gives the shape to the plant cell / protects the cell.

c

Title

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1m x 5 1m 1m 0.5m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Magnification

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Book 1A p.6/26

0.5m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

d

23 a

b

Book 1A p.7/26

Original magnification is 10X × 4X = 40X

0.5m

New magnification is 5X × 10X = 50X The cell will appear larger under a higher power of magnification.

0.5m 1m

A — cell membrane

1m

It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. B — cytoplasm

1m 1m

It provides a place for cellular chemical reactions to take place.

1m

Cell X — green leaf cell Cell Y — chicken blood cell

0.5m 0.5m

Reasons: (any 2, 1m each) Cell X is rectangular. Cell X contains oval structures which are most likely chloroplasts. Cell X is covered by a cell wall. c

i

Scale = 45 : 0.1 Magnification =

24 a

b

2m 1m

45 = 450 0.1

1m 450 = 15 30

ii

Magnification of the eyepiece =

i

A — nucleus / nucleolus

1m

B — ribosomes

1m

ii

C — mitochondrion Present in a prokaryotic cell — B Absent from a prokaryotic cell — A / C

1m 1m 1m

i

Can see detail of mitochondria, ribosome and nuclear membrane

2m

ii

B; for protein / polypeptide synthesis C; for ATP production / energy release

1m 1m

1m

Essays (p. 2-35) 25 Water makes up the largest percentage by weight of most organisms. It serves for many functions in the body: Water is a good solvent for many substances.

0.5m

It dissolves various substances and provides the medium for chemical reactions to take place in cells. 1m It also acts as a transport medium. For example, water is the major component of blood which carries nutrients and many other substances throughout the body. 1m Water removes heat by evaporation. 0.5m

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

It acts as a cooling agent to help regulate body temperature through sweating in mammals and transpiration in plants. Water is the reactant in some chemical reactions.

Book 1A p.8/26

2m 1m

For example, carbon dioxide and water are the reactants in photosynthesis. They react to produce oxygen and food in the presence of light and chlorophyll. OR Water acts as a reactant in breaking down certain complex food substances during digestion of food. 1m Water gives shape and support to organisms.

1m

Plant cells become turgid when they are full of water. This gives support to young seedlings.

1m

Water provides buoyancy for plants and animals in water.

1m

26 The microscopes enable us to observe and understand the following: Cell structures

2m

Tissue structures, e.g. histology of digestive system related to function, muscle structure, kidney tubules, leaf structure, etc. 2m Biological processes, e.g. cell division, fertilization, capillary circulation, etc. 2m Whole organisms and their classification, e.g. bacteria and viruses, taxonomic differences in small organisms. 2m Other uses, e.g. understanding effects of disease / cancer, opportunities to improve/alter living organisms. 2m

Reading to learn (p. 2-36) 1

2

Leeuwenhoek was skilful and hard-working.

1m

He was curious about the things around him.

1m

Leeuwenhoek was interested in Robert Hooke’s work.

1m

The work published by a scientist can inspire other scientists to do further research. Scientists always build on the work of other scientists.

2m

3 Leeuwenhoek’s discovery of microorganisms is more important. His observations opened the scope of the microbial world to the scientists. These laid the foundation for various fields of biology, like bacteriology and microbiology. (accept other reasonable answers)

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2m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Book 1A p.9/26

Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane Exercise Multiple-choice questions (p. 3-25) 1

D

2

D

3

B

4

B

5 9

D C

6 10

B A

7 11

B C

8

A

Short questions (p. 3-27) 12 HKALE Biology 2006 I Q9 13 a b

Passive / do not require energy or ATP

1m

Movement down a concentration gradient / by diffusion Active transport

1m 1m

It occurs only when oxygen is present because energy / respiration is required. 0.5m c

There is no uptake in curve Z. The concentration inside cells is higher than surrounding solution.

d

Diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

0.5m 1m 1m

14 Water has a higher water potential than the cell contents. It moves across the differentially permeable membrane into the cells by osmosis. 1m As the cell membranes of red blood cells are thin and not surrounded by cell walls, the cells burst when more and more water enters. Therefore no blood cells can be observed under the microscope. 2m 15 a

Distilled water has a higher water potential than potato. Therefore in distilled water, water moves into potato by osmosis.

0.5m 1m

Concentrated sugar solution has a lower water potential than potato.

0.5m

Therefore in concentrated sugar solution, water moves out of potato.

1m

Potato in distilled water becomes heavier than the one in concentrated sugar solution. 1m b

Any two from:

1m x 2

The vacuoles of the cells in distilled water are bigger than the ones in sugar sol uti on. 1m

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Book 1A p.10/26

The cell membranes are pulled away from the cell walls in the cells in sugar solution / cells in sugar become flaccid / cells become plasmolysed. 1m Contents of the cells push against the cell walls in the cells in distilled water / cells in distilled water become turgid. 1m 16 HKALE Biology 1998 I Q4 17 a

b c

III should show two arms of membrane surrounding particle and meeting / almost meeting. 1m IV should show restored membrane surface and vesicle enclosed in cell. 1m Label ‘vesicle’ vacuole OR cell membrane

1m

Surface area is reduced. Phagocytosis

1m 1m

Structured questions (p. 3-29) 18 a

b

i

A — glycoprotein B — phospholipid

1m 1m

ii

Cell recognition / cell attachment / receptor / antigen

1m

iii

Fatty acids / tails are water-repelling / non-polar Fatty acids are in the middle of the bilayer

0.5m 0.5m

Phosphate / heads are water-loving / polar

0.5m

Phosphate groups are on the outside of the bilayer Cytoplasm / tissue fluid are polar in nature The membrane is fluid in nature.

0.5m 1m 0.5m

Phospholipids / B are able to move (within membrane).

0.5m

Proteins can move (within membrane / phospholipid bilayer). Therefore the proteins will have a new rearrangement in the fused cell.

0.5m 0.5m

19 HKCEE Biology 2003 I Q1b 20 a b

c

8.2  12.0

1m

= –3.8

1m

concentrated sugar solution dilute sugar solution water

beaker C beaker A beaker B

(2m for all 3 correct, 1m for 2 correct)

The water potential of the water in beaker is higher than that of the dilute sugar solution inside the bag. 0.5m Water moves into the bag 0.5m by osmosis

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0.5m

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Book 1A p.11/26

through the differentially permeable membrane of the Visking tubing bag.

0.5m

d

The water potential inside the bag and in the beaker is the same. No net water movement into or out of the tubing.

0.5m 0.5m

e

Differentially permeable Osmosis took place.

21 a

1m 1m

In test tube A, distilled water had a higher water potential than the red blood cells. 1m Water entered red blood cells by osmosis. 1m All red blood cells burst and haemoglobin was released into the water. 1m In test tube C, concentrated saline had a lower water potential than the red blood

cells. 1m Water did not enter the cells and they did not burst. b

1m

Dilute saline had a higher water potential than some of the red blood cells.

0.5m

Water entered these red blood cells by osmosis. Since only some red blood cells burst, a smaller amount of haemoglobin was released.

0.5m 1m

c

I would take some fluid from tube A and some solid matter from the bottom of tube B and observe them under a microscope. 1m The fluid from tube A should contain no intact cells while the solid matter from tube B should contain some. 1m

d

Sea water has a lower water potential than that of the cytoplasm. Too much water may leave the cells and the animals die.

22 a

i

Axes labelled plus units

1m

Suitable scale Points plotted accurately

1m 1m

Line drawn without extrapolation

b

1m 1m

1m (Deduct 2m if axes are wrongly used)

ii

0.3 M

1m

iii

Water potential outside the cells is the same as inside / no water potential gradient / isotonic

1m

No net movement of water into and out of the cells by osmosis.

1m 1m

i

Active transport requires energy produced from respiration.

0.5m 0.5m

The activity of enzymes involved in respiration is affected by temperature. 0.5m

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Teaching notes

Book 1A p.12/26

Cyanide also stops respiration / inhibits enzyme activity.

ii

0.5m

The graph shows that the rate of potassium ion uptake decreases when temperature is lowered or cyanide is added. This shows that the root hairs take up the ions most likely by active transport. 1m Diffusion continues / not affected by cyanide / not an active process 1m

Essays (p. 3-31) 23 a

The structure of the cell membrane can be explained by the fluid mosaic model. 0.5m The cell membrane is mainly made up of phospholipids and proteins.

1m

The phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer. 0.5m Their water-loving heads face the water based environment inside and outside of the cell. 0.5m

b

Some protein molecules embed half-way through the phospholipid bilayer,

0.5m

while some penetrate through the bilayer. Some proteins have carbohydrates molecules attached to their surface for recognition purposes.

0.5m 0.5m

Lipid-soluble molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer by diffusion. 1m Small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can also diffuse through the bilayer freely. Water molecules enter the cell by osmosis through channel protein. Proteins can also act as carriers, which pick up molecules on one side of the membrane and release them on the other side. 1m This happens during active transport that requires energy.