Ntr test 2 review PDF

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Di abet esEpi demi c -r i s i ngr at esar edi r ec t l yr el at edt ot hegl obal i nc r eas ei nobes i t y Maj orf or msofdi abet es -T ype1 -T ype2 -Ges t at i onal I nal l c asesofdi abet est hec ent r al def ecti s -el ev at edbl oodgl ucos e l ev el scaus edbyani nadequat es uppl yofi nsul i n,ani neffect i v eut i l i z at i onof i ns ul i n( i ns ul i nr es i st ance)orac ombi nat i onofbot h Ther ei snos uc ht hi ngasbor der l i nedi abet es ,i ti sr ef er r edt oas-Pr edi abet es I ns ul i n -hor monepr oduc edbyt hepanc r east hatper f or msmany f unc t i ons Func t i onsofI ns ul i n -r educ esbl oodgl uc osel ev el saf t ermeal s -k eepsas t eadys uppl yofgl uc oset ot hec el l sf orener gy Si deeffec t sofel ev at edbl oodgl ucos e -el ev at edbl oodl ev el sof t r i gl y c er i des -c hr oni ci nfl ammat i on -i nc r eas edbl oodpr es s ur e -har deni ngoft hear t er i es Shor tt er mc ons equencesofdi abet es -bl ur r edv i s i on -f r equentur i nat i on -wei ghtl os s -i nc r eas es us cept i bi l i t yt oi nf ect i on -del ay edwoundheal i ng -ext r emehungerandt hi r s t Longt er m cons equenc esofdi abet es -pr ec i pi t at eshear tdi s eas e -hy per t ens i on -ner v edamage -bl i ndnes s -k i dneyf ai l ur e -s t r ok e -poss i bl el os sofl i mbsduet ogangr eneandpoorc i r c ul at i on T ype1di abet es -aut oi mmunedi s eas et hatpr oduc esadefi c i enc yi n i ns ul i n -onsetpeak satar oundages11or12andus ual l yocc ur sbef or et heageof 40 Recommendat i onsf ort y pe1di abet i c s -bl oodgl ucos econt r ol andheal t h mai nt enanc e

-c ons umpt i onoff oodsl owi ngl y cemi ci ndexandhi ghi nfiber( suc has oat meal ,br i ghtc ol or edf r ui t sandv eget abl es ,andl owf atmeat ) -phy s i cal act i vi t y -hav i nganex per i encedheal t hc ar et eam t hati nc l udesar egi s t er ed di et i c i an T ype2di abet es -t ak esy ear st odev el op -mos tof t erdi agnosedi npeopl eov ert heageof40 -becomi ngcommoni nc hi l dr enandadol es cence T ype2di abet esr i skf ac t or s -wai s tc i r c umf er enc e40"orov eri nmal esand 35"orov eri nf emal es -hi ghbl oodpr es s ur e( 130/ 85mm Hgorhi gher ) -el ev at edbl oodt r i gl y c er i del ev el s( 150mg/ dLorhi gher ) -l owl ev el sofpr ot ec t i v eHDLc hol es t er ol ( l es st han50mg/ dLi nwomen and40mg/ dLi nmen) -el ev at edf as t i ngbl oodgl ucos el ev el s( 110mg/ dLorhi gher ) Recommendat i onsf ort y pe2di abet i c s -r educ ebodywei ghtbyabout7% -i nc r eas ephy si c al act i v i t yl ev el t o150mi nut esperweek -i nst i t ut eheal t hyeat i ngpr act i ces -por t i oncont r ol -adequat ev i t ami nDst at us -adequat emagnesi um i nt ak e -r egul armeal sandsnack s -unsat ur at edf at s ,espec i al l ymonouns at ur at edf at s Gest at i onal di abet es -di abet esi npr egnantwomen,l i k el yc ausedbyt he s amebas i cenv i r onment al andgenet i cpr edi s pos i t i onf act or sast ype2 di abet es -appr ox i mat el y56% ofwomendev el opi tdur i ngpr egnanc yi nwomenov er t heageof35 -i nc i denc ev ar i esonage,bodywei ght ,andet hni c i t y -r equi r eces ar eandel i v er y -hav ebl oodgl ucos ec ont r ol pr obl emsaf t erdel i v er y Hy pogl y cemi a -ar ar edi s or derduet oabnor mal l yl owbl oodgl uc ose l ev el s ( s y mpt omsi nc l ude:weaknes s ,s weat i ng,ner v ous nes s ,conf us i on,and i r r i t abi l i t y ) Commonr i s kf ac t or sf ort hedev el opmentofpr edi abet es -abdomi nal obesi t y -phy s i cal i nac t i v i t y

-genet i cpr edi s pos i t i ons I ns ul i nr es i s t ance-acondi t i oni nwhi chc el l membr aneshav er educed s ens i t i v i t yt oi nsul i ns ot hatmor ei nsul i nt hannor mal i sr equi r edt ot r anspor t agi v enamountofgl ucos ei nt ocel l s I s s uescaus edbyi nsul i nr es i s t ance -i tf or c est hebodyt omobi l i z ef at f r om f atst or esandus ei tast hepr i mar ys our c eofener gy -c ont r i but est ot hedev el opmentofel ev at edbl oodl ev el soff r eef at t yac i ds andt r y i gl y c er i des -c anpr omot edev el opmentoff at t yl i v erdi s ease,chr oni ci nflammat i on, hy per t ens i on,andpl aquef or mat i oni nar t er i es FatFact s -s uppl y9cal or i espergr am -nots ol ubl ei nwat er -gr oupofsubs t ancesf oundi nf ood -s ubc at egor yofl i pi ds Li pi ds -c ompoundst hatar ei nsol ubl ei nwat erandsol ubl ei nf at ( i nc l ude:f at s ,oi l s ,andc hol es t er ol ) Di et ar yf at s-but t er -mar gar i ne -s hor t eni ng t hes ear edi s t i ngui s hedf or m oi l sbyt hei rpr oper t yofbei ngs ol i datr oom t emper at ur eduet ot hei rc hemi cal s t r uc t ur es Func t i onsofDi et ar yFat s -s uppl yener gyandf ats ol ubl enut r i ent s -s uppl yes s ent i al f at t yac i ds( l i nol eni cac i dandal phal i nol eni cac i d) -s uppl yf ats ol ubl ev i t ami ns( DEKA) -c ont r i but est obodi esener gyr es er v es -pr ov i desc us hi onandpr ot ect i ont ot heor gansandk eepst hem i nsul at ed -i nc r eas esfl av orandpal at abi l i t yoff oods -i nc r eas ess at i et y -c omponentofc el l membr anest hatgi v est hem fl ex i bi l i t yandhel ps r egul at et r ans f erofnut r i ent s -pr ec ur s or st ov i t ami nDands exhor mones Tr i gl y c er i des c onsi s tofonegl y c er ol uni tandt hr eef at t yac i dsandar e t r ans por t edi nbl oodat t achedt opr ot ei ncar r i er sandar eusedbycel l sf or ener gyf or mat i onandt i s suemai nt enanc e -c ompr omi s e95% ofal l l i pi dsi nt hedi etandi nt hebody Unsat ur at edf at s-c l as si fi edbyt hei rdegr eeofuns at ur at i on Monouns at ur at ed -i fonecar bont ocar bonbondi nt hef at t yac i di s uns at ur at ed

Pol y unsat ur at ed -i ft woormor ecar bont ocar bonbondsar eunsat ur at ed wi t hhydr ogen Omeg3f at t yac i ds -l i nol eum aci d -al phal i nol eni caci d -bot har epol y unsat ur at edandcanbeusedasas our c eofener gy ,andar e s t or ed. DHA -st r uct ur al componentoft hebr ai nandi sf oundi nhi ghamount si n t her et i naoft heey es EPA -s er v esasapr ecur s orofbi ol ogi c al l yact i v ec ompoundsi nv ol v edi n bl oodpr es s ur er egul at i on,bl oodc l ot t i ng,andant i i nflammat or yr eact i ons AIofEPAandDHA -adul t s( 500mgaday ) -c anbeac hi ev edbyconsumi ng8ozoff at t yfi shaweek Hy dr ogenat i on -pr ocesst hataddshy dr ogent ol i qui dunsat ur at edf at s , maki ngt hem mor esol i d( ex :mar gar i ne) -hy dr ogenat edv eget abl eoi l scont ai nmor esat ur at edf att hant heor i gi nal oi l -c anconv er ts omeuns at ur at edf at si nt ot r ansf at s Tr ansf at s -r ai s ebl oodc hol est er ol l ev el smor et hananyot herf at -i nc r eas et her i skofhear tdi s eas e,s t r ok e,suddendeat hf r om hear t di s eas e,andt y pe2di abet es -pr omot ei nfl ammat i on -i nt ak eoft r ansf at sasl owas1% oft ot al c al or i esperdays t r ongl y i nc r eas est her i s kofhear tdi seas e. Chol est er ol -cl as s i fiedasas t er ol ,al i pi df oundpr i mar i l yi nani mal pr oduct s -t ast el ess ,odor l es s ,andcont ai ndi nbot hl eanandf atpar t sofani mal pr oduct s -r awmat er i al f ormaki ngt heemul s i fi er ,bi l e Sour cesofc hol es t er ol-2/ 3i spr oduc edbyt hel i v er -1/ 3f r om di et -notanes s ent i al nut r i entbecaus et hel i v erpr oduc esi t Func t i onsofc hol es t er ol -c omponentofal l c el l membr anes -s er v esast hebui l di ngbl ockf ores t r ogen,t es t ost er one,andt hev i t ami nD t hati spr oducedi ny ours k i nwhenex pos edt osunl i ght -maj orcomponentofner v esandt hebr ai n -c annotbeusedf orener gy ,anddoesnotaccumul at ei nt hear t er i es " I nv i s i bl ef at " -f oundi nmanyf oods ,mos tof t enpr oc es sedf oodsand bak edgoods " Bad"f at s -t hos et hatel ev at et ot al c hol es t er ol andLDL c hol est er ol l ev el s

" Good"f at s-t hos et hatl owert ot al c hol es t er ol andLDL c hol es t er ol and r ai sebl oodl ev el sofHDL c hol es t er ol Heal t hyf at s -monounsat ur at edf at s -pol y unsat ur at edf at s -al phal i nol eni caci d -DHA -EPA ( al l ar epr es enti nf oodi nt hef or m ofoi l ) Fatr ecommendat i ons -adul t s( 20%30% oft ot al c al or i ess houl dbef r om f at AIofl i nol ei cac i d-men17gaday -women12gaday AIofal phal i nol ei cac i d-men1. 6gaday -women1. 1gaday AIoft r ansf at sands at ur at edf at s -whi l econs umi nganut r i t i onal l y adequat edi et ,c onsumpt i onoft hes ef at ss houl dbek eptasl owaspos s i bl e Phos phol i pi d -c onsi s t sofamol ec ul eofgl y c er ol wi t hf at t yaci ds at t ac hedbutcont ai ns2r at hert han3f at t yac i ds .aphosphor usmol ec ul e r epl ac est het hi r df at t yac i d,maki ngi ts ol ubl ei nwat erwhi l ei t sf at t yac i ds mak ei ts ol ubl ei nf at . -emul si fi er Di ges t i onoff at ss ummar y -f at sar edi gest edpr i mar i l yi nt hes mal l i nt es t i ne.Thegal l bl addercont r act s ,squi r t i ngbi l ei nt hei nt es t i ne,Bi l emi x es f atpar t i c l est oemul s i f yt hem. -oncet hei nt es t i nescont ent sar eemul si fi ed,f at spl i t t i ngenz y mesac ton t r i gl y c er i dest os pl i tf at t yac i dsf r om t hei rgl y cer ol backbone.Fr eef at t y ac i ds ,gl y cer ol ,andmonogl y c er i descl i ngt oget heri nbal l ss ur r oundedby bi l eandar es hut t l edac r os st hel ay erofmucust ot heabs or pt i v ecel l soft he i nt es t i nal v i l l i .Thec el st henr emov et hel i pi ds Bi l e madef r om chol est er ol wor ksbec aus eoneofi t sendsat t r act sandhol dsf atwhi l et heei t herendi s at t r act edt oandhel dbywat er Chy l omi c r ons -c l us t er sofpr ot ei nsandl i pi ds -c l as si fi edasl i popr ot ei ns Li popr ot ei ns Los i ngf ats t or es-whenener gyi sneededbyt hebody ,f atcel l sr es pondby di s mant l i ngs t or edf atmol ec ul es( t r i gl y cer i des )anr el eas i ngf at t yaci dsi nt o t hebl ood.Thef at t yaci dsar ecombi nedwi t hf r agmentder i v edf r om

gl ucos e,andt heener gy r el easi ngpr ocesscont i nues ,l i ber at i ng ener gy , car bondi ox i de,andwat er Car bohy dr at ei nf atbr eak down -whenf ati sbr ok endownt opr ovi de c el l ul arener gy ,car bohy dr at eshel pt hepr ocessr unmor eeffic i ent l y . Wi t houtcar bs ,pr oduct sofi ncompl et ebr eak downwi l l bui l dupi nt het i s sues andbl oodandwi l l spi l l outi nt ot heur i ne Ket ones -pr oduct sofi ncompl et ef atbr eak down...