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TEST IS CHRONOLOGICAL!! 1 WORD CAN BE DIFF BTW GETTING Q RIGHT AND WRONG. AND SAME WITH A-D ANSWERS. 1 THING DIFERENTIATES RIGHT FROM WRONG cover up answers Lecture Overview: Influential Elements that lead to Instrumental Conditioning: the response, the reinforce, the response-reinforcer relationship (what features between these things are most likely to lead to best kind of learning like rapid and strong associations. And under what circumstances might the relationship btw response and reinforce be compromised so that learning does not proceed in a meaningful way). Instrumental Conditioning Foundations: The Response • Response: behavior performed • Conditioning outcome depends upon the response-conditioned: 1. Variable vs. stereotyped response 2. Belongingness of response 3. Behavioral systems How does response influence whether it becomes variable or strereotyped? Instrumental Conditioning Foundations: The Response: Variable vs stereotyped response • Does conditioning produce “stereotype behaviors”? • Depends on what is reinforced: • Reinforce in any way stereotyped response (we learn that they choose most efficient response) • Reinforce variability variable response • Page & Neuringer: pigeons peck 2 keys (instead of 1 so it creates pattern for pecking) 8 times food o Control group: any sequence food (stereotyped) o Variability group: no repeats food

• Reinforcing variability encourages creativity! Reinforcing variability: meaning that reinforce was dependent upon the subject producing diff kinds of responses. Only receives reinforcement if it creates pattern of pecking btw lights and pecking is variable from trial to trial. They found that if u reinforce variability, u get variability. If u allow organism to do same thing over and over, their creativity drops. Instrumental Conditioning Foundations: The Response: Belongingness • Certain responses “belong” with certain reinforces • Thorndike’s puzzle boxes: cats presented with rope hung from ceiling of box. They didn’t know what it was there for at first. Perhaps accidentally or maybe as a result of behavioral repertoire, they eventually wondered what that rope was doing in there. They pull, it opens, they go out to eat food. That belonged to behavioral repertoire of escape. Cats yawn on occasion, the yawning does not fit with escape. Thorndike would try to reinforce yawning instead of pulling of rope. So when they yawned, thing would open and they could get food. They never realized association btw yawning and escape/food. (pull rope get food. They learned that. Didn’t learn yawning) o Cats wouldn’t yawn to escape o They didnt make connection...